Chen Wan-Qi, Zhang Xin-Yu
School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Genes Environ. 2022 Jan 10;44(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y.
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
1,3 - 丁二烯（BD）是一种大量生产的石化产品。它是一种人类致癌物，可在职业暴露的工人中诱发淋巴造血系统癌症，尤其是白血病。BD是一种空气污染物，主要环境来源是汽车尾气和烟草烟雾。它是香烟烟雾的主要成分之一，被认为是其中最具致癌性的化合物。城市地区的BD浓度通常在0.01至3.3微克/立方米之间，但在某些微环境中可能会显著更高。对于一般人群的BD暴露，微环境，尤其是室内微环境，是主要决定因素，而环境烟草烟雾是主要来源。BD具有很高的癌症风险，在大多数城市地区监测的环境污染物中排名第二或第三，癌症风险超过10。BD的致突变性/致癌性是由其遗传毒性代谢物介导的，但尚未确定对人类产生这些影响的具体代谢物。BD可通过细胞色素P450酶生物活化产生三种诱变环氧化物代谢物，或者可能被髓过氧化物酶（一种几乎专门存在于中性粒细胞和单核细胞中的过氧化物酶）生物转化为诱变氯醇。已经开发了几种尿液BD生物标志物，其中N - 乙酰 - S -（4 - 羟基 - 2 - 丁烯 - 1 - 基）- L - 半胱氨酸最敏感，适用于一般人群中BD暴露的生物监测。接触BD与白血病、心血管疾病以及可能的生殖影响有关，并且可能与儿童的几种癌症、自闭症和哮喘有关。总体而言，BD是一种普遍存在的污染物，与一系列不良健康影响和疾病有关，儿童是潜在易感性可能更高的亚人群。其对人类健康的不利影响可能被低估了，需要更多的研究。
