Can Alp, Karahuseyinoglu Sercin
Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
Stem Cells. 2007 Nov;25(11):2886-95. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0417. Epub 2007 Aug 9.
Human umbilical cord (UC) has been a tissue of increasing interest in recent years. Many groups have shown the stem cell potency of stromal cells isolated from the human UC mesenchymal tissue, namely, Wharton's jelly. Since UC is a postnatal organ discarded after birth, the collection of cells does not require an invasive procedure with ethical concerns. Stromal cells, as the dominant cells of this fetus-derived tissue, possess multipotent properties between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. They bear a relatively higher proliferation rate and self-renewal capacity. Although they share common surface markers with bone marrow-derived MSCs, they also express certain embryonic stem cell markers, albeit in low levels. Without any spontaneous differentiation, they can be successfully differentiated into mature adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, skeletal myocytes, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells. While causing no immunorejection reaction, they effectively function in vivo as dopaminergic neurons, myocytes, and endothelial cells. Given these characteristics, particularly the plasticity and developmental flexibility, UC stromal cells are now considered an alternative source of stem cells and deserve to be examined in long-term clinical trials. This review first aims to document the published findings so far regarding the nature of human UC stroma with special emphasis on the spatial distribution and functional structure of stromal cells and matrix, which serves as a niche for residing cells, and, secondly, to assess the in vitro and in vivo experiments in which differential stem cell potencies were evaluated.
近年来，人脐带（UC）已成为一个越来越受关注的组织。许多研究小组已经证明，从人脐带间充质组织（即华通胶）中分离出的基质细胞具有干细胞潜能。由于脐带是出生后丢弃的产后器官，细胞采集不需要涉及伦理问题的侵入性操作。基质细胞作为这种胎儿来源组织的主要细胞，具有介于胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞之间的多能特性。它们具有相对较高的增殖率和自我更新能力。虽然它们与骨髓来源的间充质干细胞有共同的表面标志物，但它们也表达某些胚胎干细胞标志物，尽管表达水平较低。在没有任何自发分化的情况下，它们可以成功分化为成熟的脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、软骨细胞、骨骼肌细胞、心肌细胞、神经元和内皮细胞。在不引起免疫排斥反应的情况下，它们在体内作为多巴胺能神经元、肌细胞和内皮细胞有效地发挥作用。鉴于这些特性，特别是可塑性和发育灵活性，脐带基质细胞现在被认为是干细胞的替代来源，值得在长期临床试验中进行研究。本综述首先旨在记录迄今为止已发表的关于人脐带基质性质的研究结果，特别强调基质细胞和基质的空间分布和功能结构，基质作为驻留细胞的微环境，其次，评估评估不同干细胞潜能的体外和体内实验。
