Tattoli Ivan, Travassos Leonardo H, Carneiro Leticia A, Magalhaes Joao G, Girardin Stephen E
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Semin Immunopathol. 2007 Sep;29(3):289-301. doi: 10.1007/s00281-007-0083-2. Epub 2007 Aug 10.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing family (or Nod-like receptors, NLRs) are two important families of microbial sensors that are membrane-associated and cytosolic molecules, respectively. The Nod proteins Nod1 and Nod2 are two NLR family members that trigger immune defense in response to bacterial peptidoglycan. Nod proteins fight off bacterial infections by stimulating proinflammatory signaling and cytokine networks and by inducing antimicrobial effectors, such as nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides. Nod1 is also critically implicated in shaping adaptive immune responses towards bacterial-derived constituents. In addition, recent evidence has demonstrated that mutations in Nod1 and Nod2 are associated with a number of human inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, early-onset sarcoidosis, and atopic diseases. Together, Nod1 and Nod2 represent central players in the control of immune responses to bacterial infections and inflammation.
Toll样受体（TLRs）和含核苷酸结合结构域、富含亮氨酸重复序列的家族（或Nod样受体，NLRs）是微生物传感器的两个重要家族，它们分别是膜相关分子和胞质分子。Nod蛋白Nod1和Nod2是两个NLR家族成员，可响应细菌肽聚糖触发免疫防御。Nod蛋白通过刺激促炎信号传导和细胞因子网络以及诱导抗菌效应物（如一氧化氮和抗菌肽）来抵御细菌感染。Nod1在塑造针对细菌衍生成分的适应性免疫反应中也起着关键作用。此外，最近的证据表明，Nod1和Nod2的突变与多种人类炎症性疾病有关，包括克罗恩病、布劳综合征、早发性结节病和特应性疾病。总之，Nod1和Nod2是控制对细菌感染和炎症的免疫反应的核心参与者。
