The contribution of basal forebrain to limbic-motor integration and the mediation of motivation to action.

The contribution of hippocampal glutamatergic and VTA dopaminergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens and the role of accumbens--ventral and subpallidal GABAergic pathway in integrating the limbic signals into motor responses via pedunculopontine nucleus were examined with electrophysiological and behavioural techniques. Stimulation of hippocampal input to the accumbens activates GABAergic output to the subpallidal area which leads to suppression of spontaneous firing of subpallidal neurons, while activation of dopamine receptors in the accumbens suppresses GABAergic output to subpallidal area and thus increases the firing of picrotoxin-sensitive ventral pallidal neurons. However, both treatments induced hypermotility suggesting the functional heterogeneity of the ventral and subpallidal areas in "limbic-motor integration". Furthermore, both hippocampal output signals and dopaminergic input to the accumbens descend via ventral and subpallidal areas serially to the pedunculopontine nucleus, the region of the mesencephalic locomotor region. In addition, a parallel ascending pathway from the subpallidal area to the mediodorsal nucleus, and subsequently to the medial prefrontal cortex, probably mediates behaviour, e.g. food hoarding, that requires higher cognitive processing.