Cohen J A
University of Vermont, School of Nursing, Burlington 05405.
J Adv Nurs. 1991 Aug;16(8):899-909. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb01794.x.
Two nursing leaders, Madeleine Leininger and Jean Watson, have devoted their careers to studying and evolving the meaning of caring. The theme of caring as presented by each theorist was explored along with their views of the nature of nursing, use of theory development strategies, and their individual contributions to the development of nursing knowledge. Both identify nursing as a humanistic science, with the concept of caring being the central unifying domain of nursing. Consistent with their belief that the humanistic sciences require a different research methodology to study that which is uniquely human, both have utilized qualitative research methodologies in their study of care. The evolution of each theorist perspective of care reflects their own background and experiences. Each theorist, therefore, has painted a different portrait of caring, demonstrating a differing emphasis on philosophical, cultural and empirical concerns. For Leininger, caring must be placed in a cultural context since caring patterns can differ transculturally. Watson has focused on the philosophic (existential--phenomenological) and spiritual basis of caring and sees caring as the ethical and moral ideal of nursing. Both Leininger and Watson have demonstrated their artistry in their individual portraits of caring and in their contributions to the development of nursing knowledge.
两位护理领域的领军人物，玛德琳·莱宁格（Madeleine Leininger）和琼·沃森（Jean Watson），将她们的职业生涯奉献给了对关怀意义的研究与发展。我们探讨了每位理论家所提出的关怀主题，以及她们对护理本质的看法、理论发展策略的运用，还有她们对护理知识发展的个人贡献。两人都将护理视为一门人文科学，关怀的概念是护理的核心统一领域。与她们认为人文科学需要不同研究方法来研究独特的人类事物这一信念相一致，两人在对关怀的研究中都采用了定性研究方法。每位理论家对关怀的观点演变都反映了她们自己的背景和经历。因此，每位理论家描绘了一幅不同的关怀图景，在哲学、文化和实证关注方面展现出不同的侧重点。对莱宁格来说，关怀必须置于文化背景中，因为关怀模式在跨文化中可能存在差异。沃森则专注于关怀的哲学（存在主义——现象学）和精神基础，并将关怀视为护理的伦理和道德理想。莱宁格和沃森在她们各自的关怀图景以及对护理知识发展的贡献中都展现了她们的技艺。
