关怀科学与整体人的科学：护理知识发展的跨理论论述

Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development.

作者信息

Watson Jean, Smith Marlaine C

机构信息

Caring Science, School of Nursing, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.

出版信息

J Adv Nurs. 2002 Mar;37(5):452-61. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02112.x.

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02112.x

PMID:11843984

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Two dominant discourses in contemporary nursing theory and knowledge development have evolved over the past few decades, in part by unitary science views and caring theories. Rogers' science of unitary human beings (SUHB) represents the unitary directions in nursing. Caring theories and related caring science (CS) scholarship represent the other. These two contemporary initiatives have generated two parallel, often controversial, seemingly separate and unrelated, trees of knowledge for nursing science.

AIM

This paper explores the evolution of CS and its intersection with SUHB that have emerged in contemporary nursing literature. We present a case for integration, convergence, and creative synthesis of CS with SUHB. A trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary context emerges, allowing nursing to sustain its caring ethic and ontology, within a unitary science.

METHODS

The authors critique and review the seminal, critical issues that have separated contemporary knowledge developments in CS and SUHB. Foundational issues of CS, and Watson's theory of transpersonal caring science (TCS), as a specific exemplar, are analysed, alongside parallel themes in SUHB. By examining hidden ethical-ontological and paradigmatic commonalities, trans-theoretical themes and connections are explored and revealed between TCS and SUHB.

CONCLUSIONS

Through a creative synthesis of TCS and SUHB we explicate a distinct unitary view of human with a relational caring ontology and ethic that informs nursing as well as other sciences. The result: is a trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary view for nursing knowledge development. Nursing's history has been to examine theoretical differences rather than commonalities. This trans-theoretical position moves nursing toward theoretical integration and creative synthesis, vs. separation, away from the 'Balkanization' of different theories. This initiative still maintains the integrity of different theories, while facilitating and inviting a new discourse for nursing science. The result: Unitary Caring Science that evokes both science and spirit.

摘要

背景

在过去几十年里，当代护理理论与知识发展中出现了两种主导性话语，部分是由整体科学观和关怀理论演变而来。罗杰斯的整体人科学（SUHB）代表了护理领域的整体方向。关怀理论及相关的关怀科学（CS）学术研究则代表了另一个方向。这两种当代举措为护理科学催生了两棵并行的、常常引发争议的、看似独立且不相关的知识之树。

目的

本文探讨了当代护理文献中出现的关怀科学（CS）的演变及其与整体人科学（SUHB）的交叉点。我们提出将关怀科学（CS）与整体人科学（SUHB）进行整合、融合及创造性综合的理由。一种跨理论、跨学科的背景应运而生，使护理能够在整体科学中坚守其关怀伦理和本体论。

方法

作者对区分当代关怀科学（CS）和整体人科学（SUHB）知识发展的开创性关键问题进行了批判和回顾。分析关怀科学（CS）的基础问题以及作为具体范例的沃森的超个人关怀科学理论（TCS），同时分析整体人科学（SUHB）中的平行主题。通过审视隐藏的伦理 - 本体论和范式共性，探索并揭示了超个人关怀科学理论（TCS）与整体人科学（SUHB）之间的跨理论主题和联系。

结论

通过对超个人关怀科学理论（TCS）和整体人科学（SUHB）的创造性综合，我们阐述了一种独特的整体人性观——具有关系性关怀本体论和伦理，为护理及其他科学提供了依据。结果是：一种用于护理知识发展的跨理论、跨学科观点。护理的历史一直是审视理论差异而非共性。这种跨理论立场使护理朝着理论整合与创造性综合发展，而非走向分离，避免不同理论的“碎片化”。这一举措在维护不同理论完整性的同时，促进并引发了护理科学的新话语。结果是：唤起科学与精神的整体关怀科学。