Science. 1966 Mar 11;151(3715):1214-6. doi: 10.1126/science.151.3715.1214.
Pairs of radio sources which are separated by from 2 degrees to 6 degrees on the sky have been investigated. In a number of cases peculiar galaxies have been found approximately midway along a line joining the two radio sources. The central peculiar galaxies belong mainly to a certain class in the recently compiled Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Among the radio sources so far associated with the peculiar galaxies are at least five known quasars. These quasars are indicated to be not at cosmological distances (that is, red shifts not caused by expansion of the universe) because the central peculiar galaxies are only at distances of 10 to 100 megaparsecs. The absolute magnitudes of these quasars are indicated to be in the range of brightness of normal galaxies and downward. Some of the radio sources which have been found to be associated with peculiar galaxies are galaxies themselves. It is therefore implied that ejection of material took place within or near the parent peculiar galaxies with speeds between 10(2) and 10(4) kilometers per second. After traveling for times of the order of 10(7) to 10(9) years, the luminous matter (galaxies) and radio sources (plasma) have reached their observed separations from the central peculiar galaxy. The large red shifts measured for the quasars would seem to be either (i) gravitational, (ii) collapse velocities of clouds of material falling toward the center of these compact galaxies, or (iii) some as yet unknown cause.
已对在天空中相隔 2 度至 6 度的一对射电源进行了研究。在许多情况下，在连接两个射电源的直线上大约可以找到特殊星系。中心特殊星系主要属于最近编制的特殊星系图集的某一类。到目前为止，与特殊星系相关的射电源中，至少有五个已知的类星体。这些类星体被表明不在宇宙学距离（即不是由宇宙膨胀引起的红移），因为中心特殊星系的距离仅为 10 到 100 百万秒差距。这些类星体的绝对星等表明在正常星系的亮度范围及其以下。已经发现与特殊星系相关的一些射电源本身就是星系。因此，可以推断出物质的喷射发生在母体特殊星系内部或附近，速度在每秒 10(2)到 10(4)公里之间。经过约 10(7)到 10(9)年的时间，发光物质（星系）和射电源（等离子体）已经到达它们与中心特殊星系的观测距离。对类星体进行的大红移测量似乎是（i）引力，（ii）这些致密星系中心物质云的塌缩速度，或（iii）一些尚未可知的原因。
