Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):371-8. doi: 10.1126/science.225.4660.371.
Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent nature gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas, of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
据估计，美国在阿拉斯加北极地区的石油和天然气储量中，蕴藏着多达 40%的剩余未探明原油和石油当量天然气。这些估计储量中，大部分（65%至 70%）被认为存在于阿拉斯加大陆架浅覆盖冰的近海海域之下。近海地区的开采作业远非常规作业，主要问题与冰的存在有关。如果要实现高效、经济、环保、全年无休的近海生产，就必须解决一些问题，包括准确估算海上结构物上的冰力、在海底冰蚀沟中正确铺设管道，以及清理浮冰区的溢油。
