Science. 1971 May 28;172(3986):966-8. doi: 10.1126/science.172.3986.966.
Goldfish (N = 408) spontaneously swam against flowing water into a calm-water well. After a single trial punished by brief electric shock, the fish avoided the well, as indexed by increased latencies of reentry. Avoidance declined during the first minute after shock, then rose to a peak 1 hour later. The biphasic time course is compatible with the two-store theory of memory formation.
金鱼（N = 408）会自发地逆流游入平静的水坑。在单次惩罚性短暂电击试验后，金鱼会避开水坑，表现为潜伏期增加。电击后 1 分钟内回避反应逐渐减弱，1 小时后达到峰值。这种双相时间过程与记忆形成的双存储理论相符。
