Schweigert Francis J
College of Management, Metropolitan State University, Saint Paul and Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Eval Program Plann. 2007 Nov;30(4):394-9. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.06.007. Epub 2007 Jul 10.
The situations of evaluation are inevitably complex and various, often involving conflicts between ethical principles as well as among aims or stakeholders. To meet this challenge, evaluators and stakeholders need an interpretive framework to clarify the issues at hand and open the way to workable solutions. This paper provides a three-part framework of justice to guide practitioners in this interpretive task. First, evaluation is instituted to serve the public with fidelity to the values, standards, and ideals that characterize it as a profession and as an office deserving the public trust, here called public justice. Second, these requirements evoke and entail the more general demands of fair process, mutual respect, and right action known as procedural justice. Third, the operations of office and just process must serve the public good, meeting the demands of distributive justice that govern the allocation of goods and benefits. This framework takes as a starting point the priority of justice as articulated by John Rawls: "Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is to thought. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust" (1971, p. 3).
评估的情况不可避免地复杂多样，常常涉及伦理原则之间以及目标或利益相关者之间的冲突。为应对这一挑战，评估者和利益相关者需要一个解释框架来厘清手头的问题，并为可行的解决方案开辟道路。本文提供了一个由三部分组成的正义框架，以指导从业者完成这项解释任务。首先，开展评估是为了忠诚地服务公众，遵循那些将其界定为一个职业以及一个值得公众信任的机构的价值观、标准和理想，这里称之为公共正义。其次，这些要求引出并蕴含了公平程序、相互尊重和正确行动等更普遍的要求，即所谓的程序正义。第三，机构的运作和公正程序必须服务于公共利益，满足分配正义的要求，而分配正义支配着物品和利益的分配。这个框架以约翰·罗尔斯所阐述的正义优先性为出发点：“正义是社会制度的首要美德，正如真理是思想的首要美德一样。一种理论，无论多么优雅和简洁，如果它不真实，就必须被拒绝或修正；同样，法律和制度，无论多么有效和安排得当，如果它们不公正，就必须被改革或废除”（1971年，第3页）。
