Brimnes Niels
Department of History, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Bull Hist Med. 2007 Summer;81(2):407-30. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2007.0022.
Between 1947 and 1951 the Scandinavian-led International Tuberculosis Campaign tested more than 37 million children and adolescents for tuberculosis, and vaccinated more than 16 million with BCG vaccine. The campaign was an early example of an international health program, and it was generally seen as the largest medical campaign to date. It was born, however, as a Danish effort to create goodwill in war-ravaged Europe, and was extended outside Europe only because UNICEF in 1948 unexpectedly donated US $2 million specifically for BCG vaccination in areas outside Europe. As the campaign transformed from postwar relief to an international health program it was forced to make adaptations to different demographic, social, and cultural contexts. This created a tension between a scientific ideal of uniformity, on the one hand, and pragmatic flexibility on the other. Looking at the campaign in India, which was the most important non-European country in the campaign, this article analyzes three issues in more detail: the development of a simplified vaccination technique; the employment of lay-vaccinators; and whether the campaign in India was conceived as a short-term demonstration or a more extensive mass-vaccination effort.
1947年至1951年间，由斯堪的纳维亚国家牵头的国际结核病防治运动对超过3700万儿童和青少年进行了结核病检测，并为超过1600万人接种了卡介苗。该运动是国际卫生项目的早期范例，通常被视为当时规模最大的医疗运动。然而，它最初是丹麦为在饱受战争蹂躏的欧洲建立友好关系而做出的努力，只是由于联合国儿童基金会在1948年意外捐赠了200万美元专门用于欧洲以外地区的卡介苗接种，才扩展到欧洲以外地区。随着该运动从战后救济转变为国际卫生项目，它被迫根据不同的人口、社会和文化背景进行调整。这在一方面的统一科学理想与另一方面的务实灵活性之间造成了紧张关系。以该运动中最重要的非欧洲国家印度为例，本文更详细地分析了三个问题：简化接种技术的发展；非专业接种人员的雇佣；以及印度的该运动是被视为短期示范还是更广泛的大规模接种努力。
