Low-light-induced formation of semicrystalline photosystem II arrays in higher plant chloroplasts.

Remodeling of photosynthetic machinery induced by growing spinach plants under low light intensities reveals an up-regulation of light-harvesting complexes and down-regulation of photosystem II and cytochrome b6f complexes in intact thylakoids and isolated grana membranes. The antenna size of PSII increased by 40-60% as estimated by fluorescence induction and LHCII/PSII stoichiometry. These low-light-induced changes in the protein composition were accompanied by the formation of ordered particle arrays in the exoplasmic fracture face in grana thylakoids detected by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Most likely these highly ordered arrays consist of PSII complexes. A statistical analysis of the particles in these structures shows that the distance of neighboring complexes in the same row is 18.0 nm, the separation between two rows is 23.7 nm, and the angle between the particle axis and the row is 26 degrees . On the basis of structural information on the photosystem II supercomplex, a model on the supramolecular arrangement was generated predicting that two neighboring complexes share a trimeric light-harvesting complex. It was suggested that the supramolecular reorganization in ordered arrays in low-light grana thylakoids is a strategy to overcome potential diffusion problems in this crowded membrane. Furthermore, the occurrence of a hexagonal phase of the lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in grana membranes of low-light-adapted plants could trigger the rearrangement by changing the lateral membrane pressure.