Wang Ning, Ingersoll Christopher G, Hardesty Douglas K, Ivey Christopher D, Kunz James L, May Thomas W, Dwyer F James, Roberts Andy D, Augspurger Tom, Kane Cynthia M, Neves Richard J, Barnhart M Chris
Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Oct;26(10):2036-47. doi: 10.1897/06-523R.1.
The objective of the present study was to determine acute toxicity of copper, ammonia, or chlorine to larval (glochidia) and juvenile mussels using the recently published American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard guide for conducting laboratory toxicity tests with freshwater mussels. Toxicity tests were conducted with glochidia (24- to 48-h exposures) and juveniles (96-h exposures) of up to 11 mussel species in reconstituted ASTM hard water using copper, ammonia, or chlorine as a toxicant. Copper and ammonia tests also were conducted with five commonly tested species, including cladocerans (Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia; 48-h exposures), amphipod (Hyalella azteca; 48-h exposures), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 96-h exposures), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; 96-h exposures). Median effective concentrations (EC50s) for commonly tested species were >58 microg Cu/L (except 15 microg Cu/L for C. dubia) and >13 mg total ammonia N/L, whereas the EC50s for mussels in most cases were <45 microg Cu/L or <12 mg N/L and were often at or below the final acute values (FAVs) used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1996 acute water quality criterion (WQC) for copper and 1999 acute WQC for ammonia. However, the chlorine EC50s for mussels generally were >40 microg/L and above the FAV in the WQC for chlorine. The results indicate that the early life stages of mussels generally were more sensitive to copper and ammonia than other organisms and that, including mussel toxicity data in a revision to the WQC, would lower the WQC for copper or ammonia. Furthermore, including additional mussel data in 2007 WQC for copper based on biotic ligand model would further lower the WQC.
本研究的目的是使用最近发布的美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）关于淡水贻贝实验室毒性试验的标准指南，确定铜、氨或氯对幼虫（钩介幼虫）和幼年贻贝的急性毒性。在ASTM标准硬水重构液中，以铜、氨或氯作为毒物，对多达11种贻贝的钩介幼虫（暴露24至48小时）和幼体（暴露96小时）进行毒性试验。还对包括枝角类动物（大型溞和模糊网纹溞；暴露48小时）、端足目动物（阿氏摇蚊；暴露48小时）、虹鳟鱼（虹鳟；暴露96小时）和黑头呆鱼（肥头鲦鱼；暴露96小时）在内的5种常用受试物种进行了铜和氨试验。常用受试物种的半数有效浓度（EC50）大于58微克铜/升（模糊网纹溞除外，为15微克铜/升）和大于13毫克总氨氮/升，而贻贝在大多数情况下的EC50小于45微克铜/升或小于12毫克氮/升，且通常处于或低于用于推导美国环境保护局1996年铜急性水质标准（WQC）和1999年氨急性WQC的最终急性值（FAV）。然而，贻贝的氯EC50通常大于40微克/升，高于氯WQC中的FAV。结果表明，贻贝的早期生命阶段通常比其他生物对铜和氨更敏感，并且在WQC修订版中纳入贻贝毒性数据将降低铜或氨的WQC。此外，根据生物配体模型在2007年铜WQC中纳入更多贻贝数据将进一步降低WQC。
