Bell M J, Roberts D J
SAC Dairy Research Centre, Sustainable Livestock Systems Research Group, Crichton Royal Farm, Dumfries, UK.
Theriogenology. 2007 Oct 15;68(7):1074-9. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.08.010.
The aim of this study was to assess the predisposing factors leading to uterine infection in dairy cows and evaluate its impact on the cow's performance. Performance indicators included feed intake, milk fat and protein composition, milk yield, fertility and culling. Data were studied from 2914 completed lactations from the Holstein Friesian Langhill Dairy herd between January 1990 and August 2005. There were 402 cases of uterine infection (from 321 cows) in the Langhill herd, a level of 13.8% during the study period. Calving assistance was highly associated with the incidence of uterine infection (chi(2)=106.63, P<0.001). Failure to conceive (chi(2)=3.89, P<0.05; chi(2)=11.20, P<0.001) and culling (chi(2)=13.66, P<0.001, chi(2)=8.55, P<0.01) were also implicated with calving assistance and uterine infection, respectively. The main predisposing factors related to an incidence of uterine infection were calving assistance, twin births, malpresented calves, and retained placenta. First-time calvers and cows with a shorter gestation length were associated with more cases of uterine infections. Additionally, lower daily dry matter intakes and milk yields during the first 100 days in milk (DIM) were associated with higher incidence levels of uterine infection. Also, a higher incidence level of uterine infection was related to lower milk protein composition from 1 to 21 DIM and a poorer body condition from 101 to 300 DIM. Cows with poorer drying off body condition scores and longer lactation lengths were associated with a higher incidence level of uterine infection. Calving assistance was associated with male and twin births, first-time calvers and cows with oversized calves. Cows with an assisted calving were also associated with an increased number of days from calving to first service. The predisposing factors influencing the occurrence of calving assistance can be influenced by suitable management to reduce the chances of oversized calves, the detrimental effects of twin births (such as calving assistance and retained placentas) and prenatal knowledge of the calf's sex. The occurrence of uterine infection can be reduced by minimising the need for assistance at calving. Assistance should only be carried out when necessary and appropriate hygiene should be used to decrease the incidence of uterine infections from intervention and involuntary culling due to cows failing to conceive.
本研究的目的是评估导致奶牛子宫感染的诱发因素，并评估其对奶牛生产性能的影响。生产性能指标包括采食量、乳脂肪和蛋白质组成、产奶量、繁殖力和淘汰率。研究数据来自1990年1月至2005年8月期间荷斯坦弗里生朗希尔奶牛场的2914次完整泌乳。朗希尔牛群中有402例子宫感染病例（来自321头奶牛），在研究期间感染率为13.8%。助产与子宫感染的发生率高度相关（χ²=106.63，P<0.001）。未受孕（χ²=3.89，P<0.05；χ²=11.20，P<0.001）和淘汰（χ²=13.66，P<0.001，χ²=8.55，P<0.01）也分别与助产和子宫感染有关。与子宫感染发生率相关的主要诱发因素是助产、双胎、胎位不正的犊牛和胎盘滞留。初产母牛和妊娠期较短的母牛子宫感染病例较多。此外，产奶前100天内较低的每日干物质摄入量和产奶量与子宫感染的较高发生率相关。而且，子宫感染的较高发生率与产奶1至21天较低的乳蛋白组成以及产奶101至300天较差的体况有关。干奶期体况评分较差且泌乳期较长的母牛子宫感染发生率较高。助产与雄性和双胎、初产母牛以及犊牛过大的母牛有关。助产的母牛从产犊到首次配种的天数也会增加。影响助产发生的诱发因素可通过适当管理来控制，以减少犊牛过大的几率、双胎的有害影响（如助产和胎盘滞留）以及产前了解犊牛性别。通过尽量减少产犊时的助产需求，可以降低子宫感染的发生率。仅在必要时进行助产，并应采用适当的卫生措施，以降低因干预和母牛未受孕导致的非自愿淘汰引起的子宫感染发生率。
