Cho June, Holditch-Davis Diane, Belyea Michael
School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
J Pediatr Nurs. 2007 Oct;22(5):356-67. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2006.12.004.
This study examined the relationship of child gender and maternal race to the looking and talking interactions of fifty-four 3-year-old prematurely born children and their mothers. More gender differences occurred for looking than for talking, whereas racial differences were stronger for talking than for looking. Transitional probabilities between looking situations suggested that gender differences occurred because girls were more likely to respond when their mothers were looking at them than were boys. Transitional probabilities between talking situations suggested that racial differences occurred because non-White mothers (African Americans and Native Americans in this study) were less likely to respond when their children were talking to them than were White mothers. The only significant interaction of gender by race was with White mothers who were more likely to respond when their girls were talking. When analyses were repeated, controlling for the effects of intelligence quotient, gestational age, neurobiologic risk score, and socioeconomic status (SES), gender differences for looking situations became smaller, whereas racial differences for talking situations became larger. Gender and ethnicity differences for looking and talking interactions cannot be explained by simple differences in health status or SES. These differences may possibly be related to the differential brain functions and hormonal effects of boys and girls, as well as to differential socialization that influences gender identity and gender roles. They also may be related to the higher incidence of language delays in non-White children and to differences in sociocultural norms and parenting between White and non-White mothers.
本研究考察了54名3岁早产儿童及其母亲的性别与母亲种族对眼神交流和言语互动的影响。眼神交流方面的性别差异比言语互动方面更多，而言语互动方面的种族差异比眼神交流方面更强。眼神交流情境之间的转移概率表明，出现性别差异是因为女孩在母亲看着她们时比男孩更有可能做出回应。言语互动情境之间的转移概率表明，出现种族差异是因为非白人母亲（本研究中的非裔美国人和美洲原住民）在孩子与她们交谈时比白人母亲更不太可能做出回应。唯一显著的性别与种族的交互作用是白人母亲，她们在女孩交谈时更有可能做出回应。当重复分析并控制智商、胎龄、神经生物学风险评分和社会经济地位（SES）的影响时，眼神交流情境的性别差异变小，而言语互动情境的种族差异变大。眼神交流和言语互动中的性别与种族差异不能用健康状况或社会经济地位的简单差异来解释。这些差异可能与男孩和女孩不同的脑功能和激素作用有关，也与影响性别认同和性别角色的不同社会化过程有关。它们还可能与非白人儿童语言发育迟缓的较高发生率以及白人和非白人母亲在社会文化规范和育儿方式上的差异有关。
