Casartelli M R, Mirlean N, Peralba M C, Barrionuevo S, Gómez-Rey M X, Madeira M
Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Environ Monit Assess. 2008 Sep;144(1-3):105-16. doi: 10.1007/s10661-007-9949-y. Epub 2007 Sep 23.
The chemical composition of bulk precipitation and throughfall were analyzed, during a 1-year period (2002), in rural-urban-industry gradients with similar forest cover (Eucalyptus spp.) in southern Brazil (Rio Grande and Porto Alegre cities). Values of pH varied from 5.0-5.1 in rural to 5.4-6.1 in industrial sites, and were intermediate in urban sites. The major ions in bulk precipitation were Na+, Cl-, NH+(4), NO-(3), and PO(3-)(4), and concentrations increased in urban and industrial sites. Principal component analysis identified the local main anthropogenic sources. Estimated annual amounts of dry deposition were generally greater in both industrial and urban sites than in rural sites. Areas close to industrial activity showed greater S and N total deposition (10.4-10.9 and 20.2-30.6 kg/ha, respectively) than in urban (3.4-7.3 and 14.6-24.1 kg/ha) and in rural (1.7-2.6 and 8.9-12.1 kg/ha) sites. Annual deposition of Ca and P varied from 0.6 and 3.0 kg/ha in rural to 45.4 and 32.4 kg/ha in industrial sites, maximum values being observed closed to the phosphate fertilizer plant of Rio Grande. Deposition in urban and industrial sites may be balanced by the alkaline cations, as bulk precipitation pH varied from 5.4 to 6.1, and was greater than in rural sites (5.0-5.1).
在巴西南部（里奥格兰德市和阿雷格里港市）具有相似森林覆盖（桉树属）的城乡工业梯度地区，对一年期间（2002年）的大气降水和穿透水的化学成分进行了分析。pH值在农村地区为5.0 - 5.1，在工业地区为5.4 - 6.1，城市地区则介于两者之间。大气降水中的主要离子为Na +、Cl -、NH₄⁺、NO₃⁻和PO₄³⁻，其浓度在城市和工业地区有所增加。主成分分析确定了当地主要的人为来源。工业和城市地区的年干沉降量估计总体上高于农村地区。靠近工业活动的地区，硫和氮的总沉降量（分别为10.4 - 10.9和20.2 - 30.6千克/公顷）高于城市地区（3.4 - 7.3和14.6 - 24.1千克/公顷）和农村地区（1.7 - 2.6和8.9 - 12.1千克/公顷）。钙和磷的年沉降量在农村地区为0.6和3.0千克/公顷，在工业地区为45.4和32.4千克/公顷，在靠近里奥格兰德磷肥厂的地方观测到最大值。城市和工业地区的沉降可能由碱性阳离子平衡，因为大气降水的pH值在5.4至6.1之间，高于农村地区（5.0 - 5.1）。
