Cole Sindy, McNally Gavan P
School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Behav Neurosci. 2007 Oct;121(5):1043-52. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.1043.
Three experiments studied temporal-difference (TD) prediction errors during Pavlovian fear conditioning. In Stage I, rats received conditioned stimulus A (CSA) paired with shock. In Stage II, they received pairings of CSA and CSB with shock that blocked learning to CSB. In Stage III, a serial overlapping compound, CSB --> CSA, was followed by shock. The change in intratrial durations supported fear learning to CSB but reduced fear of CSA, revealing the operation of TD prediction errors. N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism prior to Stage III prevented learning, whereas opioid receptor antagonism selectively affected predictive learning. These findings support a role for TD prediction errors in fear conditioning. They suggest that NMDA receptors contribute to fear learning by acting on the product of predictive error, whereas opioid receptors contribute to predictive error.
三项实验研究了巴甫洛夫式恐惧条件反射过程中的时间差异（TD）预测误差。在第一阶段，大鼠接受条件刺激A（CSA）与电击配对。在第二阶段，它们接受CSA和CSB与电击的配对，这阻止了对CSB的学习。在第三阶段，一个连续重叠复合物CSB→CSA之后是电击。试验内持续时间的变化支持对CSB的恐惧学习，但降低了对CSA的恐惧，揭示了TD预测误差的作用。在第三阶段之前使用N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体拮抗剂可阻止学习，而阿片受体拮抗剂则选择性地影响预测性学习。这些发现支持TD预测误差在恐惧条件反射中的作用。它们表明NMDA受体通过作用于预测误差的产物来促进恐惧学习，而阿片受体则促进预测误差。
