Ingvarsson Einar T, Tiger Jeffrey H, Hanley Gregory P, Stephenson Kasey M
Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA.
J Appl Behav Anal. 2007 Fall;40(3):411-29. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2007.40-411.
Four preschool children (with and without disabilities), who often responded inappropriately to questions, participated in the current study. Pretest results were used to create sets of questions that the children either did or did not answer correctly (i.e., known and unknown questions). We then sequentially taught two different responses to a subset of unknown questions: (a) "I don't know" (IDK), and (b) "I don't know, please tell me" (IDKPTM). Results showed that following acquisition with the target set, both responses generalized across questions and teachers for all participants. Following IDK training, some undesirable generalization of IDK to known questions occurred for 3 participants. Training of IDKPTM with the addition of a restricted reinforcement contingency was sufficient to establish correct answers to a portion of previously unknown questions. The importance of teaching generalized responses that enable the acquisition of novel intraverbals is discussed.
四名学龄前儿童(有残疾和无残疾)经常对问题做出不恰当的回答,参与了本研究。预测试结果用于创建儿童回答正确或不正确的问题集(即已知问题和未知问题)。然后,我们依次对一部分未知问题教授两种不同的回答:(a) “我不知道”(IDK),以及(b) “我不知道,请告诉我”(IDKPTM)。结果表明,在对目标问题集进行习得训练后,所有参与者的两种回答都能在不同问题和教师之间得到泛化。在进行IDK训练后,3名参与者出现了将IDK不期望地泛化到已知问题的情况。通过添加受限强化条件对IDKPTM进行训练,足以让参与者对一部分之前未知的问题给出正确答案。本文讨论了教授能够促进新的内部语言习得的泛化回答的重要性。