Chilton Mariana, Chyatte Michelle, Breaux Jennifer
Department of Community Health & Prevention, Drexel University School of Public Health Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
Indian J Med Res. 2007 Oct;126(4):262-72.
This paper addresses the importance of the first three years of life to the developing child, examines the importance of early childhood nutrition and the detrimental effects on child health and development due to poverty and food insecurity. As development experts learn more about the importance of the first three years of life, there is growing recognition that investments in early education, maternal-child attachment and nurturance, and more creative nutrition initiatives are critical to help break the cycle of poverty. Even the slightest forms of food insecurity can affect a young child's development and learning potential. The result is the perpetuation of another generation in poverty. Conceptualizing the poorly developed child as an embodiment of injustice helps ground the two essential frameworks needed to address food insecurity and child development: the capability approach and the human rights framework. The capability approach illuminates the dynamics that exist between poverty and child development through depicting poverty as capability deprivation and hunger as failure in the system of entitlements. The human rights framework frames undernutrition and poor development of young children as intolerable for moral and legal reasons, and provides a structure through which governments and other agencies of the State and others can be held accountable for redressing such injustices. Merging the development approach with human rights can improve and shape the planning, approach, monitoring and evaluation of child development while establishing international accountability in order to enhance the potential of the world's youngest children.
本文论述了生命最初三年对儿童成长的重要性，探讨了幼儿营养的重要性以及贫困和粮食不安全对儿童健康与发展的不利影响。随着发展专家对生命最初三年重要性的了解日益深入，人们越来越认识到，对早期教育、母婴依恋与养育以及更具创新性的营养举措进行投资，对于帮助打破贫困循环至关重要。即使是最轻微形式的粮食不安全也会影响幼儿的发展和学习潜力。结果是另一代人继续陷入贫困。将发育不良的儿童概念化为不公正的体现，有助于奠定解决粮食不安全和儿童发展所需的两个基本框架：能力方法和人权框架。能力方法通过将贫困描述为能力剥夺，将饥饿描述为权利体系中的失败，阐明了贫困与儿童发展之间存在的动态关系。人权框架从道德和法律层面将幼儿营养不良及发育不良视为不可容忍的现象，并提供了一种架构，据此可要求政府及国家的其他机构和其他各方对纠正此类不公正负责。将发展方法与人权相结合，可以改进并塑造儿童发展的规划、方法、监测和评估，同时建立国际问责制，以增强世界上最年幼儿童的潜力。
