Sherman Larry S, Back Stephen A
Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
Trends Neurosci. 2008 Jan;31(1):44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.001. Epub 2007 Dec 3.
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system (CNS) serves as both a supporting structure for cells and a rich source of signaling molecules that can influence cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. A large proportion of this matrix is composed of proteoglycans--proteins with long chains of polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), covalently attached. Although many of the activities of proteoglycans depend on their core proteins, GAGs themselves can influence cell signaling. Here we review accumulating evidence that two GAGs, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, play essential roles during nervous system development but also accumulate in chronic CNS lesions and inhibit axonal regeneration and remyelination, making them significant hindrances to CNS repair. We propose that the balance between the synthesis and degradation of these molecules dictates, in part, how regeneration and recovery from CNS damage occurs.
中枢神经系统（CNS）的细胞外基质既是细胞的支撑结构，也是信号分子的丰富来源，这些信号分子可影响细胞增殖、存活、迁移和分化。该基质的很大一部分由蛋白聚糖组成，蛋白聚糖是一种蛋白质，其上共价连接着长链多糖，称为糖胺聚糖（GAGs）。尽管蛋白聚糖的许多活性取决于其核心蛋白，但GAGs本身也可影响细胞信号传导。在此，我们综述了越来越多的证据，表明两种GAGs，硫酸软骨素和透明质酸，在神经系统发育过程中发挥着重要作用，但也在慢性中枢神经系统损伤中积聚，并抑制轴突再生和髓鞘再生，使其成为中枢神经系统修复的重大障碍。我们认为，这些分子的合成与降解之间的平衡部分决定了中枢神经系统损伤后的再生和恢复方式。
