de Leon J, Wilson W H, Simpson G M
Medical College of Pennsylvania/EPPI, Philadelphia 19129.
Psychiatr Q. 1991 Winter;62(4):277-98. doi: 10.1007/BF01958797.
Comparing Crow's schizophrenia model with the defect state and Huber's basic symptoms shows that this model is an oversimplification of the complex reality of schizophrenic outcomes. The concept of negative symptoms is undermined by several factors, such as differing definitions, other confounding cross-sectional variables (e.g., akinesia and depression), short follow-ups and lack of confirmation by factorial analysis. The longitudinal concept of a defect state, which has been used in long-term follow-up studies, includes enduring symptoms currently classified as positive and negative. Huber's conceptualization of basic symptoms describes prodromal and enduring residual symptoms of schizophrenia associated with structural brain abnormalities. The overlap and lack of equivalence of these concepts and the limited empirical evidence does not allow firm conclusions. New longitudinal studies using clinical, psychosocial, and neuropsychological measures are needed to understand the natural history and etiology of the defect state.
将克劳的精神分裂症模型与缺陷状态及胡贝尔的基本症状进行比较表明，该模型是对精神分裂症复杂结局现实的过度简化。阴性症状的概念受到多种因素的削弱，比如定义不同、其他混杂的横断面变量（如运动不能和抑郁）、随访时间短以及缺乏因子分析的证实。长期随访研究中使用的缺陷状态纵向概念包括目前归类为阳性和阴性的持续性症状。胡贝尔对基本症状的概念化描述了与脑结构异常相关的精神分裂症前驱和持续性残留症状。这些概念的重叠和不等价以及有限的实证证据无法得出确凿结论。需要采用临床、心理社会和神经心理学测量方法开展新的纵向研究，以了解缺陷状态的自然史和病因。
