Zhang Zulin, Hibberd Andrew, Zhou John L
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
Anal Chim Acta. 2008 Jan 21;607(1):37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.024. Epub 2007 Nov 21.
Passive sampling is highly complimentary to spot sampling in environmental analysis. A polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) was extensively tested to optimize its performance under both controlled and field conditions. The passive sampler was subsequently used for the sampling and analysis of estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, bisphenol A, propranolol, sulfamethoxazole, meberverine, thioridazine, carbamazepine, tamoxifen, indomethacine, diclofenac and meclofenamic acid in sewage effluent and river water. Under laboratory conditions, the kinetics of compound uptake by POCIS were linear during 10-day of exposure. POCIS sampling rates of the target compounds were significantly greater by using polyethersulfone instead of polysulfone membrane, and enhanced with increasing sorbent exposure area. Together with spot water sampling, the optimized POCIS was deployed in the River Ouse, West Sussex, UK to obtain field-derived sampling rates which, for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), were significantly higher than those from laboratory experiments. Both spot and passive sampling demonstrated that most of the target chemicals were frequently detected in sewage effluent and river waters, and that the daily changes in the pollutant concentrations were greater for pharmaceuticals than for EDCs. The aqueous concentrations of all compounds were elevated at a sewage outfall, which is confirmed to be an important source of the target compounds in the river. The validated POCIS was then successfully used to estimate the concentrations of the target compounds in effluent and river water, which were in good agreement with those from spot sampling for pharmaceuticals.
在环境分析中，被动采样与定点采样相辅相成。对一种极性有机化学综合采样器（POCIS）进行了广泛测试，以优化其在受控条件和现场条件下的性能。随后，该被动采样器用于对污水和河水中的雌酮、17β-雌二醇、17α-乙炔基雌二醇、双酚A、普萘洛尔、磺胺甲恶唑、美贝维林、硫利达嗪、卡马西平、他莫昔芬、吲哚美辛、双氯芬酸和甲氯芬那酸进行采样和分析。在实验室条件下，POCIS对化合物的摄取动力学在10天的暴露期间呈线性。使用聚醚砜而非聚砜膜时，目标化合物的POCIS采样率显著更高，且随着吸附剂暴露面积的增加而提高。与定点水样采集一起，优化后的POCIS被部署在英国西苏塞克斯郡的乌斯河中，以获得现场衍生的采样率，对于内分泌干扰物（EDCs），该采样率显著高于实验室实验所得结果。定点采样和被动采样均表明，大多数目标化学物质在污水和河水中经常被检测到，且药物污染物浓度的每日变化大于内分泌干扰物。所有化合物的水体浓度在污水排放口处升高，这被证实是河流中目标化合物的一个重要来源。经验证的POCIS随后成功用于估算污水和河水中目标化合物的浓度，其结果与药物定点采样结果高度一致。
