Vermeirssen Etiënne L M, Asmin Josef, Escher Beate I, Kwon Jung-Hwan, Steimen Irene, Hollender Juliane
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
J Environ Monit. 2008 Jan;10(1):119-28. doi: 10.1039/b710790k. Epub 2007 Nov 29.
There is an increasing need to monitor concentrations of polar organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Integrative passive samplers can be used to assess time weighted average aqueous concentrations, provided calibration data are available and sampling rates are known. The sampling rate depends on environmental factors, such as temperature and water flow rate. Here we introduce an apparatus to investigate the sampling properties of passive samplers using river-like flow conditions and ambient environmental matrices: river water and treated sewage effluent. As a model sampler we selected Empore SDB-RPS disks in a Chemcatcher housing. The disks were exposed for 1 to 8 days at flow rates between 0.03 and 0.4 m s(-1). Samples were analysed using a bioassay for estrogenic activity and by LC-MS-MS target analysis of the pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and clarithromycin. In order to assess sampling rates of SDB disks, we also measured aqueous concentrations of the pharmaceuticals. Sampling rates increased with increasing flow rate and this relationship was not affected by the environmental matrix. However, SDB disks were only sampling in the integrative mode at low flow rates <0.1 m s(-1) and/or for short sampling times. The duration of linear uptake was particularly short for sulfamethoxazole (1 day) and longer for clarithromycin (5 days). At 0.03 m s(-1) and 12-14 degrees C, the sampling rate of SDB disks was 0.09 L day(-1) for clarithromycin, 0.14 L day(-1) for sulfamethoxazole and 0.25 L day(-1) for carbamazepine. The results show that under controlled conditions, SDB disks can be effectively used as passive sampling devices.
监测水生环境中极性有机污染物浓度的需求日益增加。如果有校准数据且已知采样率，综合被动采样器可用于评估时间加权平均水相浓度。采样率取决于环境因素，如温度和水流速度。在此，我们介绍一种装置，用于在类似河流的流动条件和环境基质（河水和经处理的污水排放物）下研究被动采样器的采样特性。作为模型采样器，我们选择了置于Chemcatcher外壳中的Empore SDB - RPS盘。这些盘在流速为0.03至0.4 m s(-1)的条件下暴露1至8天。使用生物测定法分析样品的雌激素活性，并通过液相色谱 - 串联质谱法对药物磺胺甲恶唑、卡马西平和克拉霉素进行目标分析。为了评估SDB盘的采样率，我们还测量了药物的水相浓度。采样率随流速增加而提高，且这种关系不受环境基质的影响。然而，SDB盘仅在低流速<0.1 m s(-1)和/或短采样时间下以综合模式采样。磺胺甲恶唑的线性摄取持续时间特别短（1天），而克拉霉素的则较长（5天）。在0.03 m s(-1)和12 - 14摄氏度下，SDB盘对克拉霉素的采样率为0.09 L day(-1)，对磺胺甲恶唑为0.14 L day(-1)，对卡马西平为0.25 L day(-1)。结果表明，在受控条件下，SDB盘可有效地用作被动采样装置。
