Slütter Bram, Hagenaars Niels, Jiskoot Wim
Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands.
J Drug Target. 2008 Jan;16(1):1-17. doi: 10.1080/10611860701637966.
Nasal vaccination is a promising alternative to classical parental vaccination, as it is non-invasive and, in principle, capable of eliciting strong systemic and local immune responses. However, the protective efficacy of nasally administered antigens is often impaired because of delivery problems: free antigens are readily cleared from the nasal cavity, poorly absorbed by nasal epithelial cells and generally have low intrinsic immunogenicity. In this review paper, we describe the main physiological hurdles to nasal vaccine delivery, survey the progress made in technological approaches to overcome these hurdles and discuss emerging opportunities for improving nasal vaccines. According to current insights, encapsulation of the antigen into bioadhesive (nano)particles is a promising approach towards successful nasal vaccine delivery. These antigen-loaded particles can be tailor made by supplying them with targeting ligands, adjuvants or endosomal escape mediators to form the desired vaccine that provides long-lasting protective immunity.
鼻腔接种疫苗是传统的经肠道外接种疫苗的一种很有前景的替代方法，因为它是非侵入性的，并且原则上能够引发强烈的全身和局部免疫反应。然而，经鼻腔给药的抗原的保护效力常常因递送问题而受损：游离抗原很容易从鼻腔清除，被鼻上皮细胞吸收的效率很低，并且通常具有较低的固有免疫原性。在这篇综述论文中，我们描述了鼻腔疫苗递送的主要生理障碍，概述了在克服这些障碍的技术方法方面取得的进展，并讨论了改进鼻腔疫苗的新机遇。根据目前的见解，将抗原封装到生物黏附性（纳米）颗粒中是实现成功鼻腔疫苗递送的一种很有前景的方法。这些负载抗原的颗粒可以通过为其提供靶向配体、佐剂或内体逃逸介质来进行定制，以形成能提供持久保护性免疫的理想疫苗。
