Archimedes Development Ltd., Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science & Technology Park, University Boulevard, Nottingham, UK.
J Drug Target. 2010 Dec;18(10):771-86. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2010.523790.
The current vaccine market is gaining momentum in the development of alternative administration routes namely intranasal, oral, topical, pulmonary, vaginal, and rectal; the nasal route offers the most promising opportunity for vaccine administration. It can enhance convenience, safety, elicit both local and systemic immune responses; thus potentially provide protection from pathogens at the site of entry. Nasal vaccine innovation comes with both opportunities and challenges. The innovative strategies used by industry and researchers to overcome the hurdles are discussed in this article: these include live-attenuated vaccines, adjuvants, mucoadhesives, particulate delivery systems, virus-like particles, vaccine manufacture, challenges of regulatory authorities, and the nasal vaccine impact on market potential. Critical issues for effective nasal vaccination are the antigen-retention period that enables its interaction with the lymphatic system and choice of an adjuvant that is nontoxic and induces the required immune response. Co-adjuvanting by means of a mucoadhesive technology addresses some of these issues. ChiSys(®), a natural bioadhesive with proven intranasal safety profile, has already demonstrated efficacy for several nasally delivered vaccines including norovirus. With the looming threat of a pandemic, alternatives such as intranasal vaccination will ultimately facilitate greater public compliance and rapid mass global vaccination.
当前，疫苗市场在探索替代给药途径方面发展势头强劲，这些途径包括鼻内、口服、局部、肺部、阴道和直肠；其中鼻内途径为疫苗给药提供了最有前景的机会。它可以增强便利性和安全性，引发局部和全身免疫反应；从而有可能在病原体进入部位提供保护。鼻内疫苗创新既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。本文讨论了行业和研究人员为克服这些障碍而采用的创新策略：包括减毒活疫苗、佐剂、黏膜黏附剂、颗粒递送系统、类病毒颗粒、疫苗制造、监管机构的挑战，以及鼻内疫苗对市场潜力的影响。有效鼻内接种的关键问题是抗原保留期，该期限使抗原能够与淋巴系统相互作用，以及选择一种非毒性且能诱导所需免疫反应的佐剂。黏膜黏附技术的共同佐剂作用解决了其中的一些问题。ChiSys(®)是一种具有经证实的鼻内安全性的天然生物黏附剂，已证明对包括诺如病毒在内的几种鼻内递送疫苗有效。随着大流行威胁的迫近，鼻内接种等替代方法最终将促进公众更好地遵守和快速进行大规模全球疫苗接种。
