The post-NSAID era: what to use now for the pharmacologic treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis.

Traditionally, clinicians have relied heavily on the use of NSAIDs to treat the pain of osteoarthritis, as numerous studies have proven these agents effective. However, controversy has arisen regarding their use as first-line therapy, due to increasing awareness of their cardiovascular risks. One of these agents, rofecoxib, was withdrawn from the market in 2004 due to these concerns. Since that time, numerous studies have illustrated that many of the NSAIDs, both the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and the traditional non-selective agents, may confer similar risks of cardiovascular toxicity. Although these agents may still be useful in many patients, concerns over side effects have begun to limit their use, and patients and clinicians are reaching for alternate agents. This review highlights the evidence behind the effectiveness of other, non-NSAID pharmacologic options in the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis.