Assessing expression of apoptotic markers using large cohort tissue microarrays.

Apoptotic markers include proteins from the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. These cascades include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic elements. The expression levels of these elements can be assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and can indicate general trends in prov-ersus anti-apoptotic tendencies of the cells. IHC is particularly useful when studying large cohorts of paraffin-embedded specimens. Advances in tissue microarray (TMA) technology have facilitated evaluation of large cohorts of specimens, as cores from hundreds of patients can be represented on a single glass slide and stained in a uniform fashion. In this chapter, we discuss construction and staining methods of TMAs and present examples of assessment of apoptotic marker expression in malignant and benign cells using a novel method of automated, quantitative analysis of in situ protein expression.