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红松鼠的队列效应:密度、食物丰度和温度对未来生存及繁殖成功率的影响。

Cohort effects in red squirrels: the influence of density, food abundance and temperature on future survival and reproductive success.

作者信息

Descamps Sébastien, Boutin Stan, Berteaux Dominique, McAdam Andrew G, Gaillard Jean-Michel

机构信息

Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2008 Mar;77(2):305-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01340.x. Epub 2007 Dec 20.

Abstract
  1. Environmental conditions experienced early in life may have long-lasting effects on individual performance, thereby creating 'silver-spoon effects'. 2. We used 15 years of data from a North American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) population to investigate influences of food availability, density and spring temperature experienced early in life on reproduction and survival of female squirrels during adulthood. 3. We found that spring temperature and food availability did not affect female survival after 1 year of age, whereas higher squirrel densities led to lower survival, thereby affecting longevity and lifetime fitness. 4. In addition, both food availability experienced between birth and weaning, and spring temperature in the year of birth, had long-lasting positive effects on female reproductive success. These results emphasize the critical effect environmental conditions during the early life stages can have on the lifetime performance of small mammals. 5. These long-term effects of early food and temperature were apparent only once we controlled for conditions experienced during adulthood. This suggests that silver-spoon effects can be masked when conditions experienced early in life are correlated to some environmental conditions experienced later in life. 6. The general importance of silver-spoon effects for adult demographic performance might therefore be underestimated, and taking adult environment into account appears to be necessary when studying long-term cohort effects.
摘要
  1. 生命早期所经历的环境条件可能会对个体表现产生持久影响,从而产生“银匙效应”。2. 我们利用北美红松鼠(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben)种群15年的数据,来研究生命早期所经历的食物可获得性、密度和春季温度对成年雌性松鼠繁殖和生存的影响。3. 我们发现,春季温度和食物可获得性对1岁后的雌性松鼠生存没有影响,而较高的松鼠密度会导致较低的生存率,从而影响寿命和终生适合度。4. 此外,出生至断奶期间所经历的食物可获得性以及出生年份的春季温度,都对雌性繁殖成功产生了持久的积极影响。这些结果强调了生命早期阶段的环境条件对小型哺乳动物终生表现可能产生的关键影响。5. 只有在我们控制了成年期所经历的条件后,早期食物和温度的这些长期影响才明显显现。这表明,当生命早期所经历的条件与生命后期所经历的某些环境条件相关时,银匙效应可能会被掩盖。6. 因此,银匙效应对于成年种群统计学表现的普遍重要性可能被低估了,在研究长期队列效应时,考虑成年期环境似乎是必要的。

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