Robert Michael A, Kleeman Michael J, Jakober Christopher A
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2007 Dec;57(12):1429-38. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.57.12.1429.
Particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were collected using a chassis dynamometer/dilution sampling system that employed filter-based samplers, cascade impactors, and scanning mobility particle size (SMPS) measurements. Four diesel vehicles with different engine and emission control technologies were tested using the California Air Resources Board Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) 5 mode driving cycle. Vehicles were tested using a simulated inertial weight of either 56,000 or 66,000 lb. Exhaust particles were then analyzed for total carbon, elemental carbon (EC), organic matter (OM), and water-soluble ions. HDDV fine (< or =1.8 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM1.8) and ultrafine (0.056-0.1 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM0.1) PM emission rates ranged from 181-581 mg/km and 25-72 mg/km, respectively, with the highest emission rates in both size fractions associated with the oldest vehicle tested. Older diesel vehicles produced fine and ultrafine exhaust particles with higher EC/OM ratios than newer vehicles. Transient modes produced very high EC/OM ratios whereas idle and creep modes produced very low EC/OM ratios. Calcium was the most abundant water-soluble ion with smaller amounts of magnesium, sodium, ammonium ion, and sulfate also detected. Particle mass distributions emitted during the full 5-mode HDDV tests peaked between 100-180 nm and their shapes were not a function of vehicle age. In contrast, particle mass distributions emitted during the idle and creep driving modes from the newest diesel vehicle had a peak diameter of approximately 70 nm, whereas mass distributions emitted from older vehicles had a peak diameter larger than 100 nm for both the idle and creep modes. Increasing inertial loads reduced the OM emissions, causing the residual EC emissions to shift to smaller sizes. The same HDDV tested at 56,000 and 66,000 lb had higher PM0.1 EC emissions (+22%) and lower PM0.1 OM emissions (-38%) at the higher load condition.
使用底盘测功机/稀释采样系统收集重型柴油车辆(HDDV)的颗粒物(PM)排放,该系统采用基于过滤器的采样器、串联撞击器和扫描迁移率粒径(SMPS)测量。使用加利福尼亚空气资源委员会重型重型柴油卡车(HHDDT)5模式驾驶循环对四辆采用不同发动机和排放控制技术的柴油车辆进行测试。车辆使用56,000或66,000磅的模拟惯性重量进行测试。然后对排气颗粒进行总碳、元素碳(EC)、有机物(OM)和水溶性离子分析。HDDV细颗粒物(空气动力学直径≤1.8微米;PM1.8)和超细颗粒物(空气动力学直径0.056 - 0.1微米;PM0.1)的排放率分别为181 - 581毫克/公里和25 - 72毫克/公里,两个粒径范围内的最高排放率均与测试的最旧车辆相关。较旧的柴油车辆产生的细颗粒物和超细排气颗粒的EC/OM比值高于较新的车辆。瞬态模式产生非常高的EC/OM比值,而怠速和蠕动模式产生非常低的EC/OM比值。钙是最丰富的水溶性离子,还检测到少量的镁、钠、铵离子和硫酸盐。在整个5模式HDDV测试期间排放的颗粒质量分布在100 - 180纳米之间达到峰值,其形状与车辆使用年限无关。相比之下,最新柴油车辆在怠速和蠕动驾驶模式下排放的颗粒质量分布的峰值直径约为70纳米,而旧车辆在怠速和蠕动模式下排放的质量分布的峰值直径均大于100纳米。增加惯性负荷会降低OM排放,导致残余EC排放转移到更小的粒径。在56,000磅和66,000磅下测试的同一辆HDDV在较高负荷条件下具有更高的PM0.1 EC排放(+22%)和更低的PM0.1 OM排放(-38%)。