White Lesley J, Castellano Vanessa
Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
Sports Med. 2008;38(2):91-100. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00001.
The benefits of regular exercise to promote general health and reduce the risk of hypokinetic diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles are well recognized. Recent studies suggest that exercise may enhance neurobiological processes that promote brain health in aging and disease. A current frontier in the neurodegenerative disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) concerns the role of physical activity for promoting brain health through protective, regenerative and adaptive neural processes. Research on neuromodulation, raises the possibility that regular physical activity may mediate favourable changes in disease factors and symptoms associated with MS, in part through changes in neuroactive proteins. Insulin-like growth factor-I appears to act as a neuroprotective agent and studies indicate that exercise could promote this factor in MS. Neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor likely play roles in neuronal survival and activity-dependent plasticity. Physical activity has also been shown to up-regulate hippocampal BDNF, which may play a role in mood states, learning and memory to lessen the decline in cognitive function associated with MS. In addition, exercise may promote anti-oxidant defences and neurotrophic support that could attenuate CNS vulnerability to neuronal degeneration. Exercise exposure (preconditioning) may serve as a mechanism to enhance stress resistance and thereby may support neuronal survival under heightened stress conditions. Considering that axonal loss and cerebral atrophy occur early in the disease, exercise prescription in the acute stage could promote neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and neuroplasticity and reduce long-term disability. This review concludes with a proposed conceptual model to connect these promising links between exercise and brain health.
定期锻炼对促进整体健康以及降低与久坐生活方式相关的运动不足疾病风险的益处已得到广泛认可。近期研究表明，运动可能会增强促进衰老和患病大脑健康的神经生物学过程。神经退行性疾病多发性硬化症（MS）当前的一个前沿领域涉及身体活动通过保护性、再生性和适应性神经过程促进大脑健康的作用。关于神经调节的研究提出了一种可能性，即定期体育活动可能部分通过神经活性蛋白的变化来介导与MS相关的疾病因素和症状的有利变化。胰岛素样生长因子-I似乎起到神经保护剂的作用，研究表明运动可以在MS中促进这种因子的产生。神经营养因子、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和神经生长因子可能在神经元存活和活动依赖性可塑性中发挥作用。体育活动还被证明可以上调海马体中的BDNF，这可能在情绪状态、学习和记忆中发挥作用，以减轻与MS相关的认知功能下降。此外，运动可能促进抗氧化防御和神经营养支持，从而减轻中枢神经系统对神经元变性的易感性。运动暴露（预处理）可能作为一种增强应激抵抗力的机制，从而可能在压力增加的情况下支持神经元存活。鉴于轴突损失和脑萎缩在疾病早期就会发生，急性期的运动处方可以促进神经保护、神经再生和神经可塑性，并减少长期残疾。本文综述最后提出了一个概念模型，以连接运动与大脑健康之间这些有前景的联系。
