Boesch Christophe, Crockford Catherine, Herbinger Ilka, Wittig Roman, Moebius Yasmin, Normand Emmanuelle
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Am J Primatol. 2008 Jun;70(6):519-32. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20524.
Intercommunity aggression in chimpanzees and primitive warfare in humans possess striking similarities, such as the common occurrence of large male coalitions, systematic control of territory boundaries, and lethal attacks on isolated individuals from neighboring groups. However, an important apparent contrast is the absence of recurrent peaceful interactions between neighboring groups of chimpanzees. We observed a remarkable range of behavior in intergroup encounters among three habituated communities of chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Lethal attacks are documented in these study groups for the first time, as well as year-long exchanges of parous adult females and peaceful intergroup visits of mothers with infants. Demographic factors, including group size and number of adult males, are shown to affect the nature of intergroup interactions in ways not considered previously. A reconsideration of the difference in intergroup interactions between eastern and western chimpanzees is proposed including a more important consideration of the female's perspective. The inclusion of the new complexities in intergroup interactions in chimpanzees allows new parallels to be drawn with the evolution of primitive warfare in humans.
黑猩猩群体间的攻击行为与人类的原始战争有着惊人的相似之处，比如大型雄性联盟的常见、对领地边界的系统控制以及对来自相邻群体孤立个体的致命攻击。然而，一个重要的明显差异是，黑猩猩相邻群体之间缺乏反复出现的和平互动。我们在科特迪瓦伊塔伊国家公园的三个习惯化黑猩猩群落的群体间相遇中观察到了一系列显著的行为。这些研究群体中首次记录到了致命攻击，以及成年雌性生育后的长期交换和母亲带着婴儿的群体间和平访问。人口统计学因素，包括群体规模和成年雄性数量，被证明以先前未考虑的方式影响群体间互动的性质。有人提议重新审视东、西黑猩猩群体间互动的差异，包括更重要地从雌性角度进行考虑。将黑猩猩群体间互动的新复杂性纳入考量，有助于与人类原始战争的演变建立新的平行关系。
