Srikumaran Subramaniam, Kelling Clayton L, Ambagala Aruna
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
Anim Health Res Rev. 2007 Dec;8(2):215-29. doi: 10.1017/S1466252307001326.
Bovine respiratory tract disease is a multi-factorial disease complex involving several viruses and bacteria. Viruses that play prominent roles in causing the bovine respiratory disease complex include bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and parinfluenza-3 virus. Bacteria that play prominent roles in this disease complex are Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. Other bacteria that infect the bovine respiratory tract of cattle are Histophilus (Haemophilus) somni and Pasteurella multocida. Frequently, severe respiratory tract disease in cattle is associated with concurrent infections of these pathogens. Like other pathogens, the viral and bacterial pathogens of this disease complex have co-evolved with their hosts over millions of years. As much as the hosts have diversified and fine-tuned the components of their immune system, the pathogens have also evolved diverse and sophisticated strategies to evade the host immune responses. These pathogens have developed intricate mechanisms to thwart both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses of their hosts. This review presents an overview of the strategies by which the pathogens suppress host immune responses, as well as the strategies by which the pathogens modify themselves or their locations in the host to evade host immune responses. These immune evasion strategies likely contribute to the failure of currently-available vaccines to provide complete protection to cattle against these pathogens.
牛呼吸道疾病是一种涉及多种病毒和细菌的多因素疾病复合体。在引发牛呼吸道疾病复合体中起主要作用的病毒包括牛疱疹病毒1型、牛呼吸道合胞病毒、牛病毒性腹泻病毒和副流感3型病毒。在这种疾病复合体中起主要作用的细菌是溶血曼氏杆菌和牛支原体。其他感染牛呼吸道的细菌是睡眠嗜血杆菌（睡眠嗜血菌）和多杀性巴氏杆菌。通常，牛的严重呼吸道疾病与这些病原体的并发感染有关。与其他病原体一样，这种疾病复合体的病毒和细菌病原体在数百万年的时间里与其宿主共同进化。尽管宿主已经使自身免疫系统的组成部分多样化并进行了微调，但病原体也进化出了多样而复杂的策略来逃避宿主的免疫反应。这些病原体已经发展出复杂的机制来挫败宿主免疫反应的固有和适应性分支。本综述概述了病原体抑制宿主免疫反应的策略，以及病原体改变自身或其在宿主体内的位置以逃避宿主免疫反应的策略。这些免疫逃避策略可能导致目前可用的疫苗无法为牛提供针对这些病原体的完全保护。
