Neumann David L, Longbottom Paula L
School of Psychology, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Qld 4222, Australia.
Behav Res Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):188-206. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.004. Epub 2007 Dec 15.
The acquisition, extinction, and subsequent recovery of conditioned fear can be influenced by the nature of the conditional stimulus (CS) and the context in which the CS is presented. The combined effects of these factors were examined in a differential fear-conditioning procedure with humans. Fear-relevant or fear-irrelevant CSs were followed by a shock unconditional stimulus (US) during acquisition and presented alone during extinction. The CSs were images presented upon different background contexts. Half the participants received the same context during acquisition and extinction and the remaining received different contexts. All participants received test trials in the same context as acquisition. In Experiment 1 (N=64), a renewal of shock expectancy and skin conductance responses was found during test for fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant CSs when extinction was given in a different context. In Experiment 2 (N=72), renewal for fear-relevant stimuli was enhanced when acquisition and test was given in an indoor office context and extinction in an outdoor bush context. The opposite context configuration produced the strongest renewal for fear-irrelevant stimuli. The return of extinguished conditioned fear can occur to fear-relevant stimuli that are commonly associated with clinical fears and its strength may be enhanced when the stimuli are encountered in certain contexts after extinction.
条件性恐惧的习得、消退及随后的恢复会受到条件刺激（CS）的性质以及呈现CS的情境的影响。在一项针对人类的差别恐惧条件作用程序中，对这些因素的综合影响进行了研究。在习得过程中，与恐惧相关或与恐惧无关的CS之后会跟随电击非条件刺激（US），而在消退过程中CS单独呈现。CS是呈现在不同背景情境中的图像。一半参与者在习得和消退过程中接受相同的情境，其余参与者接受不同的情境。所有参与者在与习得相同的情境中接受测试试验。在实验1（N = 64）中，当在不同情境中进行消退时，在对与恐惧相关和与恐惧无关的CS的测试中发现了电击预期和皮肤电导反应的恢复。在实验2（N = 72）中，当在室内办公室情境中进行习得和测试，而在室外灌木丛情境中进行消退时，与恐惧相关刺激的恢复得到增强。相反的情境配置对与恐惧无关的刺激产生了最强的恢复。已消退的条件性恐惧可能会恢复到通常与临床恐惧相关的与恐惧相关的刺激上，并且当在消退后在某些情境中遇到这些刺激时，其强度可能会增强。
