Waldman J M, Lioy P J, Greenberg A, Butler J P
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Environmental & Community Medicine, Piscataway 08854-5635.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1991 Apr;1(2):193-225.
The Total Human Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) focuses on benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as an example of a combustion-generated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. Primary pathways for environmental exposures to BaP are inhalation and ingestion. This program of field studies was conducted in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, a small, industrial city in the Delaware River valley. The study protocols included direct monitoring of BaP exposures via inhalation and ingestion pathways during three separate periods, each lasting 14 days. BaP concentrations in air were sampled at outdoor and in-home locations, with personal air sampling added during the latter two phases. Cooked food samples from each household were acquired, using a constant portion "second plate" of each meal prepared at home. Ambient levels were 4-10 times higher during the cold months compared with the late summer study period. Space heating and regional aerosol were major contributors to community levels of BaP in the air during the wintertime. Penetration of outdoor air, cooking activities, combustion appliances, and cigarette smoke were important sources of indoor air exposures. Cooking activities, besides releasing BaP-enriched particles indoors, produced food imbued with BaP and added substantially to exposure via the ingestion route. Among the study subjects, the range and magnitude of dietary exposures (2 to 500 ng/d) were much greater than for inhalation (10 to 50 ng/d). Nevertheless, there were ample individual cases where inhalation of BaP was the predominant exposure route. Indoor air BaP levels were closely correlated with ambient levels in most of the homes. For some individuals, measured personal air BaP exposures were adequately predicted by time-weighting of microenvironmental (i.e., outdoor and in-home) concentrations. However, enormously high exposures for ingestion or inhalation were detected only by direct observation, not from microenvironmental data.
全人类环境暴露研究（THEES）以苯并（a）芘（BaP）作为燃烧产生的多环芳烃（PAH）化合物的一个例子展开研究。环境中BaP的主要暴露途径是吸入和摄入。该现场研究项目在新泽西州菲利普斯堡进行，这是特拉华河谷的一个小型工业城市。研究方案包括在三个不同时期直接监测通过吸入和摄入途径的BaP暴露情况，每个时期持续14天。在室外和家中采集空气样本中的BaP浓度，在后两个阶段还增加了个人空气采样。采集每个家庭的熟食样本，采用在家中每餐准备的固定分量“第二盘”食物。寒冷月份的环境水平比夏末研究期间高4至10倍。冬季，空间供暖和区域气溶胶是空气中BaP社区水平的主要贡献因素。室外空气渗透、烹饪活动、燃烧器具和香烟烟雾是室内空气暴露的重要来源。烹饪活动除了在室内释放富含BaP的颗粒外，还产生了含有BaP的食物，并通过摄入途径大幅增加了暴露量。在研究对象中，饮食暴露的范围和程度（2至500纳克/天）远大于吸入暴露（10至50纳克/天）。然而，有大量个体案例表明吸入BaP是主要的暴露途径。在大多数家庭中，室内空气BaP水平与环境水平密切相关。对于一些个体，通过对微环境（即室外和家中）浓度进行时间加权，可以充分预测所测量的个人空气BaP暴露情况。然而，只有通过直接观察才能检测到极高的摄入或吸入暴露，而不是从微环境数据中检测到。
