Suggestions for improving the long-term effects of treatments for stuttering: A Review and synthesis of frequency-shifted feedback and operant techniques.

The present article outlines the potential benefits to the treatment of stuttering, if altered auditory feedback methods, especially frequency-shifted feedback, were to be combined with behaviour modification techniques. A potential framework for understanding the integration of these approaches is presented in the context of assessing the limitations of each approach in isolation. A number of suggestions concerning the use of partial prompting and partial reinforcement, drawn from the animal conditioning literature, that may promote the efficacy of such a treatment are also made.