Father Flanagan's Boys' Home, Creighton University School of Medicine.
J Appl Behav Anal. 1995 Winter;28(4):583-90. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-583.
Early basic research showed that increases in required response effort (or force) produced effects that resembled those produced by punishment. A recent study by Alling and Poling determined some subtle differences between the two behavior-change strategies, but also confirmed that increasing required effort is an effective response-reduction procedure with enduring effects. In this paper we summarize basic research on response effort and explore the role of effort in diverse applied areas including deceleration of aberrant behavior, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oral habits, health care appointment keeping, littering, indexes of functional disability, and problem solving. We conclude that renewed interest in response effort as an independent variable is justified because of its potent effects and because the political constraints imposed on punishment- and reinforcement-based procedures have yet to be imposed on procedures that entail manipulations of response effort.
早期的基础研究表明，增加所需的反应努力（或力量）会产生类似于惩罚产生的效果。Alling 和 Poling 的最近一项研究确定了这两种行为改变策略之间的一些细微差异，但也证实了增加所需的努力是一种有效的减少反应的方法，具有持久的效果。在本文中，我们总结了关于反应努力的基础研究，并探讨了努力在包括行为减速、注意力缺陷多动障碍、口腔习惯、保持医疗预约、乱扔垃圾、功能障碍指标和解决问题等不同应用领域中的作用。我们的结论是，重新将反应努力作为一个独立变量引起人们的兴趣是合理的，因为它具有强大的效果，而且还因为惩罚和强化程序所施加的政治限制尚未施加于需要操纵反应努力的程序上。
