Intranasal vaccination of cattle against IBR and PI3: field and laboratory observations in dairy, beef, and neonatal calf populations.

The author first summarizes the development of intranasal vaccination by Nasalgen P and particularly Nasalgen IP, previously reported, and then reviews present knowledge regarding safety and efficacy of Nasalgen IP in feeder calves, dairy animals and neonates. The minimal immunogenic dose is evaluated, as well as the secretory antibody response and the development of interferon. Two studies are reported on the transmission from vaccinates to susceptible non-vaccinates and the evaluation of the potential to revert to a more virulent form. An important part is devoted to the latest studies carried out which confirm that wide acceptance should be given to the intranasal vaccination of cattle.