Lagier R
Rofo. 1976 Jun;124(6):564-70. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1230392.
Bone and joint aging results from the combined action of various metabolic and mechanical factors. Osteoarticular aging produces primary changes in bone (intrinsic rarefaction, but also extrinsic osteogenesis), cartilage, synovial membrane, and tendon. The association of these primary changes can result basically in three anatomicopathological entities: hyperostosis and osteophytes at tendon insertions, senile remodeling, and osteoarthritic remodeling. Some of these entities are asymptomatic. Others form part of nosologic entities such as osteoarthritis and various types of joint pain and stiffness. The standard methods of morbid anatomy provide a link between clinical findings and modern research methods. By separating nosology and morphology they permit a better analysis of the boundaries and transitions between articular "aging" and "disease". With advancing age, osteoarthritis becomes increasingly frequent but not inevitable.
骨骼和关节老化是多种代谢和机械因素共同作用的结果。骨关节老化会在骨骼（内在稀疏，也有外在骨生成）、软骨、滑膜和肌腱中产生原发性变化。这些原发性变化的组合基本上可导致三种解剖病理学实体：肌腱附着处的骨质增生和骨赘、老年性重塑和骨关节炎性重塑。其中一些实体是无症状的。其他的则是诸如骨关节炎以及各种关节疼痛和僵硬等疾病分类实体的一部分。病理解剖学的标准方法为临床发现与现代研究方法之间提供了联系。通过将疾病分类学和形态学分开，它们能够更好地分析关节“老化”和“疾病”之间的界限及转变。随着年龄的增长，骨关节炎变得越来越常见，但并非不可避免。
