Recognition of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) noisy screams: evidence from conspecifics and human listeners.

Vocalizations are among the diverse cues that animals use to recognize individual conspecifics. For some calls, such as noisy screams, there is debate over whether such recognition occurs. To test recognition of rhesus macaque noisy screams, recorded calls were played back to unrelated and related conspecific group members as either single calls or short bouts. Higher-ranking, but not lower-ranking, monkeys looked longer toward the playback speaker in trials containing screams from kin than in those composed of screams from nonkin. In a second study, human listeners performed a "same/different" discrimination task between presentations of rhesus screams from either the same or two different monkeys. Listeners discriminated between "same" and "different" callers above an established empirical threshold, whether screams were presented singly or in short bouts. Together, these results suggest that rhesus monkeys can distinguish noisy screams between kin and nonkin, and humans are able to discriminate different individuals' noisy screams, even when the duration of the bout is short. Whether noisy screams are ideally designed signals for individual recognition is discussed with respect to possible evolutionary origins of the calls.