O'Connor Owen J, McSweeney Sean E, Maher Michael M
Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
Radiol Clin North Am. 2008 Jan;46(1):113-32, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2008.01.007.
Hematuria may have a number of causes, of which the more common are urinary tract calculi, urinary tract infection, urinary tract neoplasms (including renal cell carcinoma and urothelial tumors), trauma to the urinary tract, and renal parenchymal disease. This article discusses the current status of imaging of patients suspected of having urologic causes of hematuria. The role of all modalities, including plain radiography, intravenous urography or excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, ultrasonography, and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in evaluation of these patients is discussed. The article highlights the current status of MDCT urography in imaging of patients with hematuria, and discusses various-often controversial-issues, such as optimal protocol design, accuracy of the technique in imaging of the urothelium, and the significant issue of radiation dose associated with MDCT urography.
血尿可能有多种原因，其中较常见的是尿路结石、尿路感染、尿路肿瘤（包括肾细胞癌和尿路上皮肿瘤）、尿路创伤以及肾实质疾病。本文讨论了疑似因泌尿系统原因导致血尿患者的影像学检查现状。文中探讨了包括平片、静脉肾盂造影或排泄性肾盂造影、逆行肾盂造影、超声以及多排螺旋计算机断层扫描（MDCT）等所有检查方法在评估这些患者时的作用。本文重点介绍了MDCT尿路造影在血尿患者影像学检查中的现状，并讨论了各种常常存在争议的问题，如最佳检查方案设计、该技术对尿路上皮成像的准确性以及与MDCT尿路造影相关的辐射剂量这一重要问题。
