Hoskins Peter R
Medical Physics Section, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 May;34(5):693-717. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.10.017. Epub 2008 Mar 10.
We reviewed the simulation and validation of arterial ultrasound imaging and blood flow assessment. The physical process of ultrasound imaging and measurement is complex, especially in disease. Simulation of physiological flow in a phantom with tissue equivalence of soft tissue, vessel wall and blood is now achievable. Outstanding issues are concerned with production of anatomical models, simulation of arterial disease, refinement of blood mimics to account for non-Newtonian behavior and validation of velocity measurements against an independent technique such as particle image velocimetry. String and belt phantoms offer simplicity of design, especially for evaluation of velocity estimators, and have a role as portable test objects. Electronic injection and vibrating test objects produce nonphysiologic Doppler signals, and their role is limited. Computational models of the ultrasound imaging and measurement process offer considerable flexibility in their ability to alter multiple parameters of both the propagation medium and ultrasound instrument. For these models, outstanding issues are concerned with the inclusion of different tissue types, multilayer arteries, inhomogeneous tissues and diseased tissues.
我们回顾了动脉超声成像及血流评估的模拟与验证。超声成像及测量的物理过程很复杂，在疾病状态下尤其如此。现在已能够在具有软组织、血管壁和血液等效组织的模型中模拟生理血流。尚未解决的问题涉及解剖模型的生成、动脉疾病的模拟、改进血液模拟物以考虑非牛顿行为，以及针对粒子图像测速等独立技术对速度测量进行验证。弦线和带形模型设计简单，尤其适用于评估速度估计器，并且可作为便携式测试对象。电子注入和振动测试对象会产生非生理性多普勒信号，其作用有限。超声成像及测量过程的计算模型在改变传播介质和超声仪器的多个参数方面具有相当大的灵活性。对于这些模型，尚未解决的问题涉及纳入不同的组织类型、多层动脉、不均匀组织和患病组织。
