Hadden Wilbur C, Rockswold Paul D
National Institute on Aging, USA.
Int J Health Serv. 2008;38(1):47-61. doi: 10.2190/HS.38.1.c.
Economic inequality has increased substantially in the United States since the early 1970s. Inequality in mortality increased from 1960 to 1986. To assess the trend in inequality in mortality the authors calculate age-adjusted mortality rates by educational attainment for 2000 and compare them with rates from 1960 and 1986, using relative and absolute indexes of inequality. Rates are calculated for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25 to 64 years, using mortality data from U.S. Vital Statistics and population estimates from the Census Public Use Microdata Sample. The trend toward increasing inequality in mortality between 1960 and 1986 accelerated from 1986 to 2000. Improvements in mortality went disproportionately to those with the most education. Mortality rates for whites with low education, which declined from 1960 to 1986, actually rose from 1986 to 2000. The relative change was greatest for those with only a high school education. This change, however, is largely explained by shifts in the distribution of education, which left those with a high school education in a lower position. The increase in inequality was particularly strong in whites and stronger in men than in women. For black men there was a small decline in absolute inequality between 1986 and 2000.
自20世纪70年代初以来，美国的经济不平等现象大幅加剧。1960年至1986年期间，死亡率不平等现象有所增加。为评估死亡率不平等的趋势，作者计算了2000年按教育程度调整的年龄别死亡率，并使用不平等的相对和绝对指数将其与1960年和1986年的死亡率进行比较。使用美国生命统计数据和人口普查公共使用微观数据样本中的人口估计数，计算25至64岁非西班牙裔白人和黑人成年人的死亡率。1960年至1986年期间死亡率不平等加剧的趋势在1986年至2000年期间加速。死亡率的改善在受教育程度最高的人群中不成比例。受教育程度低的白人死亡率在1960年至1986年期间有所下降，但在1986年至2000年期间实际上有所上升。仅受过高中教育的人群相对变化最大。然而，这种变化在很大程度上是由教育分布的变化所解释的，这使得受过高中教育的人处于较低的地位。不平等现象的加剧在白人中尤为明显，在男性中比在女性中更为强烈。对于黑人男性，1986年至2000年期间绝对不平等现象略有下降。
