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[学校空气质量——教室中的二氧化碳(CO₂)、挥发性有机化合物(VOC)、醛类、内毒素和猫过敏原水平]

[Air quality in schools - classroom levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), aldehydes, endotoxins and cat allergen].

作者信息

Fromme H, Heitmann D, Dietrich S, Schierl R, Körner W, Kiranoglu M, Zapf A, Twardella D

机构信息

Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Sachgebiet Umweltmedizin, Oberschleissheim.

出版信息

Gesundheitswesen. 2008 Feb;70(2):88-97. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1046775.

Abstract

Children are assumed to be more vulnerable to health hazards and spend a large part of their time in schools. To assess the exposure situation in this microenvironment, we evaluated the indoor air quality in winter 2004/5 in 92 classrooms, and in 75 classrooms in summer 2005 in south Bavaria, Germany. Indoor air climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity), carbon dioxide (CO2) and various volatile organic compounds, aldehydes and ketones were measured. Additionally, cat allergen (Fel d1) and endotoxin (LAL-test) were analysed in the settled dust of school rooms. Data on room and building characteristics were collected by use of a standardised form. Only data collected during teaching hours were considered in analysis. The median indoor CO2 concentration in the classrooms ranged in the winter and summer period from 598 to 4 172 ppm and 480 to 1 875 ppm, respectively. While during the winter period in 92% of the classrooms the CO2 daily medians went above 1 000 ppm, the percentage of classrooms with increased CO2 concentration fell to 28% in summer. In winter, in 60% of classes the daily median CO2 concentration exceeded 1 500 ppm, while in summer this threshold was reached by only 9%. A high concentration of CO2 was associated with a high number of pupils, a low room surface area and a low room volume. The levels of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in classrooms ranged between 110 and 1 000 microg/m3 (median in winter 345 microg/m3, in summer 260 microg/m3). Acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were measured in concentrations from 14.0 to 911 microg/m3, from 3.1 to 46.1 microg/m3, and from 2.9 to 78 microg/m3, respectively. The other aldehydes were detected in minor amounts only. The median Fel d1 level in winter was 485 ng/g dust (20 to 45 160 ng/g) and in summer it was 417 ng/g (40-7 470 ng/g). We observed no marked differences between the two sampling periods and between smooth floors and rooms with carpeted floors. No differences were found according to room surface area and room volume. The median endotoxin contents in winter and summer were 19.7 EU/mg dust (6.6 to 154 EU/mg) and 32.2 EU/mg (9.6 to 219 EU/mg), respectively. The levels varied significantly between the sampling periods, but were independent of room surface area, room volume and surface floorings. Overall the results of VOC, aldehydes, ketones and endotoxin indicate, in general, a low exposure level in classrooms. The observed concentrations of cat allergens should be considered as a meaningful exposure route and thus could be tackled within preventive programs.

摘要

儿童被认为更容易受到健康危害,且他们大部分时间都在学校里。为评估这一微环境中的暴露情况,我们于2004/2005年冬季对德国巴伐利亚州南部92间教室的室内空气质量进行了评估,并于2005年夏季对75间教室进行了评估。测量了室内空气气候参数(温度、相对湿度)、二氧化碳(CO₂)以及各种挥发性有机化合物、醛类和酮类。此外,还对教室沉降灰尘中的猫过敏原(Fel d1)和内毒素(LAL检测)进行了分析。通过使用标准化表格收集了有关教室和建筑特征的数据。分析中仅考虑教学时间内收集的数据。教室中室内CO₂浓度的中位数在冬季和夏季分别为598至4172 ppm以及480至1875 ppm。在冬季,92%的教室中CO₂每日中位数超过1000 ppm,而夏季CO₂浓度升高的教室比例降至28%。冬季,60%的班级中CO₂每日中位数超过1500 ppm,而夏季只有9%的班级达到这一阈值。高浓度的CO₂与学生人数多、教室表面积小和教室容积低有关。教室中总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的水平在110至1000微克/立方米之间(冬季中位数为345微克/立方米,夏季为260微克/立方米)。丙酮、甲醛和乙醛的测量浓度分别为14.0至911微克/立方米、3.1至46.1微克/立方米以及2.9至78微克/立方米。其他醛类仅检测到少量。冬季Fel d1水平的中位数为485纳克/克灰尘(20至45160纳克/克),夏季为417纳克/克(40至7470纳克/克)。我们在两个采样期之间以及光滑地板和铺有地毯的地板的教室之间未观察到明显差异。根据教室表面积和容积未发现差异。冬季和夏季内毒素含量的中位数分别为19.7 EU/毫克灰尘(6.6至154 EU/毫克)和32.2 EU/毫克(9.6至219 EU/毫克)。这些水平在采样期之间有显著差异,但与教室表面积、容积和地面材料无关。总体而言,挥发性有机化合物、醛类、酮类和内毒素的结果表明,一般来说教室中的暴露水平较低。观察到的猫过敏原浓度应被视为一种有意义的暴露途径,因此可在预防计划中加以应对。

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