Griffiths Paul, Mravcik Viktor, Lopez Dominique, Klempova Danica
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, EMCDDA, Lisbon, Portugal.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008 May;27(3):236-42. doi: 10.1080/09595230801932588.
This paper provides an overview of the historical development, current situation and potential future diffusion of methamphetamine (MA) use in Europe.
The analysis is based on a review of published and grey literature, as well as data collected as part of the ongoing monitoring of the drug situation in Europe. Some qualitative surveys among high-risk populations do exist, but overall the general low prevalence of methamphetamine use in most of Europe means that the data available to explore patterns of use are limited.
In many parts of Europe, amphetamine use is well established and the injecting of amphetamines has historically constituted an important component of the drug problem in many Nordic countries. Methamphetamine problems are long documented in the Czech and Slovak republics, but there is no current evidence of widespread use of MA elsewhere in Europe. Concern that MA use is spreading in Europe is prompted by some reports of use among high-risk groups. However, the evidence available suggests that even in high-risk populations, the use of MA currently remains uncommon. Europe accounted for less than 1% of worldwide MA seizures in 2005, and over the period 2004-05 European ephedrine seizures amounted for 6% of the global figure.
The spread of MA use is limited and no strong evidence exists that significant diffusion is occurring. It appears likely that methamphetamine diffusion in Europe is impeded by a strong market for other stimulant drugs [cocaine, amphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)]. The future potential for the diffusion of MA may be influenced by factors such as: the relative availability and popularity of other drugs; possible 'leakage' from areas of historical high prevalence; travel by young Europeans to areas of high prevalence; and how users perceive MA as a desirable, suitable and cost-effective alternative to other stimulants available on the European illicit drug market.
本文概述了欧洲甲基苯丙胺（MA）使用的历史发展、现状及未来可能的传播情况。
该分析基于已发表文献、灰色文献综述以及作为欧洲毒品形势持续监测一部分收集的数据。确实存在一些针对高危人群的定性调查，但总体而言，欧洲大部分地区甲基苯丙胺使用的普遍率较低，这意味着用于探究使用模式的数据有限。
在欧洲许多地区，苯丙胺的使用已很普遍，在许多北欧国家，注射苯丙胺历来是毒品问题的一个重要组成部分。甲基苯丙胺问题在捷克共和国和斯洛伐克共和国早有记载，但目前没有证据表明在欧洲其他地方甲基苯丙胺被广泛使用。一些关于高危群体使用甲基苯丙胺的报道引发了人们对其在欧洲蔓延的担忧。然而，现有证据表明，即使在高危人群中，甲基苯丙胺的使用目前仍然不常见。2005年欧洲的甲基苯丙胺缉获量占全球的比例不到1%，在2004 - 2005年期间，欧洲麻黄碱缉获量占全球总量的6%。
甲基苯丙胺使用的传播是有限的，没有有力证据表明正在发生显著扩散。欧洲甲基苯丙胺的扩散似乎受到其他刺激性药物（可卡因、苯丙胺和亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸））强大市场的阻碍。甲基苯丙胺未来扩散的可能性可能受到以下因素影响：其他药物的相对可得性和受欢迎程度；历史高流行地区可能的“泄漏”；欧洲年轻人前往高流行地区的旅行；以及使用者如何将甲基苯丙胺视为欧洲非法毒品市场上其他兴奋剂的理想、合适且性价比高的替代品。
