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开放式奶牛养殖场氨气排放的季节和空间变化

Seasonal and spatial variations of ammonia emissions from an open-lot dairy operation.

作者信息

Mukhtar Saqib, Mutlu Atilla, Capareda Sergio C, Parnell Calvin B

机构信息

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA.

出版信息

J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2008 Mar;58(3):369-76. doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.3.369.

Abstract

There is a need for a robust and accurate technique to measure ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) to obtain emission inventories and to develop abatement strategies. Two consecutive seasonal studies were conducted to measure NH3 emissions from an open-lot dairy in central Texas in July and December of 2005. Data including NH3 concentrations were collected and NH3 emission fluxes (EFls), emission rates (ERs), and emission factors (EFs) were calculated for the open-lot dairy. A protocol using flux chambers (FCs) was used to determine these NH3 emissions from the open-lot dairy. NH3 concentration measurements were made using chemiluminescence-based analyzers. The ground-level area sources (GLAS) including open lots (cows on earthen corrals), separated solids, primary and secondary lagoons, and milking parlors were sampled to estimate NH3 emissions. The seasonal NH3 EFs were 11.6 +/- 7.1 kg-NH3 yr(-1)head(-1) for the summer and 6.2 +/- 3.7 kg-NH3 yr(-1)head(-1) for the winter season. The estimated annual NH3 EF was 9.4 +/- 5.7 kg-NH3 yr(-1)head(-1) for this open-lot dairy. The estimated NH3 EF for winter was nearly 47% lower than summer EF. Primary and secondary lagoons (approximately 37) and open-lot corrals (approximately 63%) in summer, and open-lot corrals (approximately 95%) in winter were the highest contributors to NH3 emissions for the open-lot dairy. These EF estimates using the FC protocol and real-time analyzer were lower than many previously reported EFs estimated based on nitrogen mass balance and nitrogen content in manure. The difference between the overall emissions from each season was due to ambient temperature variations and loading rates of manure on GLAS. There was spatial variation of NH3 emission from the open-lot earthen corrals due to variable animal density within feeding and shaded and dry divisions of the open lot. This spatial variability was attributed to dispirit manure loading within these areas.

摘要

需要一种强大且准确的技术来测量动物饲养场(AFOs)的氨(NH₃)排放,以获取排放清单并制定减排策略。在2005年7月和12月,连续进行了两项季节性研究,以测量德克萨斯州中部一个开放式奶牛场的NH₃排放。收集了包括NH₃浓度在内的数据,并计算了该开放式奶牛场的NH₃排放通量(EFls)、排放率(ERs)和排放因子(EFs)。使用通量室(FCs)的方案来确定该开放式奶牛场的这些NH₃排放。使用基于化学发光的分析仪进行NH₃浓度测量。对包括开放式场地(土围栏中的奶牛)、分离固体、一级和二级泻湖以及挤奶厅在内的地面面积源(GLAS)进行采样,以估算NH₃排放。夏季的季节性NH₃排放因子为11.6±7.1 kg-NH₃·yr⁻¹·头⁻¹,冬季为6.2±3.7 kg-NH₃·yr⁻¹·头⁻¹。该开放式奶牛场的估计年NH₃排放因子为9.4±5.7 kg-NH₃·yr⁻¹·头⁻¹。冬季估计的NH₃排放因子比夏季排放因子低近47%。夏季,一级和二级泻湖(约37%)和开放式场地围栏(约63%),以及冬季的开放式场地围栏(约95%)是该开放式奶牛场NH₃排放的最大贡献者。使用FC方案和实时分析仪得出的这些排放因子估计值低于许多先前基于氮质量平衡和粪便中氮含量报告的排放因子估计值。每个季节总体排放的差异是由于环境温度变化和GLAS上粪便的加载率。由于开放式土围栏内饲养区以及阴凉和干燥区域动物密度不同,NH₃排放存在空间变化。这种空间变异性归因于这些区域内粪便加载的差异。

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