Till Desmond, McBride Graham, Ball Andrew, Taylor Ken, Pyle Eric
Public Health Microbiology Consultant, Eastbourne, Wellington, New Zealand.
J Water Health. 2008 Dec;6(4):443-60. doi: 10.2166/wh.2008.071.
A fifteen-month fortnightly survey of microbial health risk indicators and pathogens has been carried out at 25 freshwater recreational and water supply sites distributed throughout New Zealand, for: E. coli, Clostridium perfringens spores, F-RNA bacteriophage, somatic coliphage, human enteroviruses, human adenoviruses, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Sites were selected to represent five geographical areas covering New Zealand and five categories of predominant environmental impact: birds, dairy farming, forestry/undeveloped, municipal, and sheep/pastoral farming. Six of the sites were also source waters for treated drinking-water supplies. Of the indicators, E. coli was detected in 99 % of all samples, with somatic coliphage being detected most of the time (89 %). Of the pathogens tested, Campylobacter and human adenoviruses were inferred to be the most likely to cause human waterborne illness to recreational freshwater users. Using data from all sites, an estimated 5 % of notified campylobacteriosis cases in New Zealand could be attributable to water contact recreation. The critical value for E. coli as an indicator of increased Campylobacter infection is in the range of 200-500 E. coli per 100 ml. This result has been used to derive new national water quality guidelines for recreational fresh water in New Zealand.
在新西兰各地分布的25个淡水休闲和供水站点，针对大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌孢子、F-RNA噬菌体、体细胞噬菌体、人类肠道病毒、人类腺病毒、隐孢子虫卵囊、贾第虫囊肿、沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌，开展了为期15个月的每两周一次的微生物健康风险指标和病原体调查。所选站点代表了覆盖新西兰的五个地理区域以及五类主要环境影响：鸟类、奶牛养殖、林业/未开发地区、市政和绵羊/牧场养殖。其中六个站点也是经处理饮用水供应的水源地。在各项指标中，99%的样本检测出大肠杆菌，体细胞噬菌体大部分时间（89%）能被检测到。在检测的病原体中，弯曲杆菌和人类腺病毒被推断最有可能导致休闲淡水使用者感染水源性疾病。根据所有站点的数据估计，新西兰报告的弯曲杆菌病病例中约5%可能归因于与水接触的娱乐活动。作为弯曲杆菌感染增加指标的大肠杆菌临界值在每100毫升200 - 500个大肠杆菌的范围内。这一结果已被用于推导新西兰休闲淡水的新国家水质指南。
