Mallan Kimberley M, Lipp Ottmar V, Libera Marilia
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2008 Jul;69(1):9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.005. Epub 2008 Feb 29.
Affect modulates the blink startle reflex in the picture-viewing paradigm, however, the process responsible for reflex modulation during conditional stimuli (CSs) that have acquired valence through affective conditioning remains unclear. In Experiment 1, neutral shapes (CSs) and valenced or neutral pictures (USs) were paired in a forward (CS-->US) manner. Pleasantness ratings supported affective learning of positive and negative valence. Post-acquisition, blink reflexes were larger during the pleasant and unpleasant CSs than during the neutral CS. Rather than affect, attention or anticipatory arousal were suggested as sources of startle modulation. Experiment 2 confirmed that affective learning in the picture-picture paradigm was not affected by whether the CS preceded the US. Pleasantness ratings and affective priming revealed similar extents of affective learning following forward, backward or simultaneous pairings of CSs and USs. Experiment 3 utilized a backward conditioning procedure (US-->CS) to minimize effects of US anticipation. Again, blink reflexes were larger during CSs paired with valenced USs regardless of US valence implicating attention rather than anticipatory arousal or affect as the process modulating startle in this paradigm.
在图片观看范式中，情感会调节眨眼惊跳反射，然而，在通过情感条件作用获得效价的条件刺激（CSs）期间，负责反射调节的过程仍不清楚。在实验1中，中性形状（CSs）与具有效价或中性的图片（USs）以前向（CS→US）方式配对。愉悦度评分支持了对正性和负性价的情感学习。习得后，在愉快和不愉快的CSs期间，眨眼反射比在中性CSs期间更大。有人提出，惊跳调节的来源不是情感，而是注意力或预期性唤醒。实验2证实，图片-图片范式中的情感学习不受CS是否先于US的影响。愉悦度评分和情感启动显示，在CSs和USs进行前向、后向或同时配对后，情感学习的程度相似。实验3采用后向条件作用程序（US→CS）以尽量减少对US预期的影响。同样，与具有效价的USs配对的CSs期间，眨眼反射更大，无论US的效价如何，这表明在此范式中，调节惊跳的过程是注意力而非预期性唤醒或情感。
