Clarke Bradley, Porter Nichola, Symons Robert, Blackbeard Judy, Ades Peter, Marriott Philip
School of Applied Sciences (Bld 3 Level 1), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Chemosphere. 2008 Jul;72(8):1215-28. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.076. Epub 2008 May 2.
An Australian survey of dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge was conducted in two parts (a) a national survey, and (b) a time-study. All sewage sludge samples analysed as part of these studies had low overall concentrations of dioxin-like compounds. Out of 37 samples, all except one, were within the reported concentration range of soil within the Australian environment. The mean concentration of dioxin-like compounds in the Australian sewage sludge survey of 2006 was found to be 5.6 (s.d. 4.5) ng WHO(05) TEQkg(-1) (n=14) and were within the range of 1.2-15.3 ng WHO(05) TEQ kg(-1). All the Australian sewage sludge samples cited in these studies were below the Victorian EPA "investigation limit" of 50 ng WHO(98) TEQ kg(-1), and well below the European proposed guidelines of 100 ng I-TEQ kg(-1). The burden of dioxin-like compounds in Australian sewage sludge is low and its land application as biosolids is not likely to pose a problem. A general positive relationship was found between population of the town producing the waste and both dioxin-like PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs. The one exception to this trend was sludge from a town that had a history of smelting and had a relatively high burden of dioxin-like compounds. Sludge from one rural WWTP also had a higher burden of dioxin-like compounds. The treatment plant services a geographically isolated town with a low population and no known emitters of dioxin-like compounds. However, this sample also had a relatively high burden of dioxin-like PCBs, which could be the source of the dioxin-like PCDD/Fs found in this sludge. The time study analyzing sludges from three WWTP from the same city between the years 2002 and 2006 found no apparent difference between WWTPs, but a statistically significant decline of 1.49 ng WHO(05) TEQ kg(-1) per year. Also, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature, presents typical levels and sources of dioxin-like compounds in international sewage sludges.
(a) 全国性调查，以及 (b) 一项时间研究。作为这些研究一部分所分析的所有污水污泥样本中二噁英类化合物的总体浓度都很低。在37个样本中，除了一个样本外，其他所有样本都在澳大利亚环境中土壤的报告浓度范围内。2006年澳大利亚污水污泥调查中二噁英类化合物的平均浓度为5.6（标准差4.5）纳克WHO(05)毒性当量/千克（n = 14），处于1.2 - 15.3纳克WHO(05)毒性当量/千克的范围内。这些研究中引用的所有澳大利亚污水污泥样本都低于维多利亚州环境保护局50纳克WHO(98)毒性当量/千克的“调查限值”，并且远低于欧洲提议的100纳克I - 毒性当量/千克的指导值。澳大利亚污水污泥中二噁英类化合物的负担较低，将其作为生物固体进行土地施用不太可能造成问题。在产生废物的城镇人口与二噁英类多氯二苯并对二噁英/多氯二苯并呋喃以及二噁英类多氯联苯之间发现了普遍的正相关关系。这一趋势的唯一例外是来自一个有冶炼历史且二噁英类化合物负担相对较高的城镇的污泥。来自一个农村污水处理厂的污泥中二噁英类化合物的负担也较高。该处理厂为一个地理上孤立、人口较少且没有已知二噁英类化合物排放源的城镇提供服务。然而，这个样本中二噁英类多氯联苯的负担也相对较高，这可能是该污泥中发现的二噁英类多氯二苯并对二噁英/多氯二苯并呋喃的来源。对2002年至2006年间来自同一城市的三个污水处理厂的污泥进行的时间研究发现，各污水处理厂之间没有明显差异，但每年有1.49纳克WHO(05)毒性当量/千克的统计学显著下降。此外，对科学文献的全面综述介绍了国际污水污泥中二噁英类化合物的典型水平和来源。
