Lapen D R, Topp E, Metcalfe C D, Li H, Edwards M, Gottschall N, Bolton P, Curnoe W, Payne M, Beck A
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada K1A 0C6.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Jul 25;399(1-3):50-65. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.025. Epub 2008 May 5.
Land application of municipal biosolids (sewage) is a common farming practice in many parts of the world. There is potential for transport of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from agricultural fields to adjacent surface waters via tile drainage systems. In this study, liquid municipal biosolids (LMB) (total solids=11,933 mg L(-1)), supplemented with selected PPCPs and the fluorescent dye tracer rhodamine WT (RWT), were applied to tile drained fields using two land application approaches. Objectives included evaluating the relative benefits of land application practices with respect to reducing PPCP loadings to tile drains, evaluating PPCP persistence in tile water, and determining whether rhodamine WT can be used to estimate PPCP mass loads in tile. The PPCPs examined included an antibacterial agent used in personal care products (triclosan), a metabolite of nicotine (cotinine), and a variety of drugs including two sulfonamide antimicrobials (sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole), a beta-blocker (atenolol), an anti-epileptic (carbamazepine), an antidepressant (fluoxetine), analgesic/anti-inflammatories (acetaminophen, naproxen, ibuprofen), and a lipid-regulator (gemfibrozil). Maximum observed PPCP concentrations in the spiked LMB were about 10(3) ng g(-1) dry weight. PPCPs were shown to move rapidly via soil macropores to tile drains within minutes of the land application. Maximum observed PPCP concentrations in tile effluent associated with the LMB application-induced tile flow event were approximately 10(1) to 10(3) ng L(-1). PPCP mass loads, for the application-induced tile-hydrograph event, were significantly (p<0.1) higher for surface spreading over non-tilled soil (incorporation tillage occurring 20 h post-application), relative to aerating soil immediately prior to surface spreading using an AerWay slurry deposition system. PPCP concentrations that were detected above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) in tile water during several precipitation-induced tile flow events that occurred post-application, included: triclosan (max. approximately 1.5 x 10(2) ng L(-1)), carbamazepine (max. approximately 7 x 10(1) ng L(-1)), atenolol (max approximately 4 x 10(1) ng L(-1)), and cotinine (max approximately 2 x 10(1) ng L(-1)). In spite of their presence in biosolids, the other PPCPs were not observed above LOQ concentrations during these events. PPCP concentrations were predicted from RWT concentrations over a 40 day study period. Tile mass loads as a percent of PPCP mass applied to soil ranged from 4.2%+/-SD of 9.2% to 7.1%+/-10.9% for the AerWay system and surface spreading plus incorporation treatments, respectively.
在世界许多地区，将城市生物固体废弃物（污水污泥）用于土地施肥是一种常见的农业做法。通过瓦管排水系统，药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）存在从农田运输至邻近地表水的可能性。在本研究中，采用两种土地施肥方法，将添加了选定PPCPs和荧光染料示踪剂罗丹明WT（RWT）的液态城市生物固体废弃物（总固体含量 = 11,933 mg L⁻¹）施用于有瓦管排水的田地。目标包括评估土地施肥做法在减少PPCPs进入瓦管排水负荷方面的相对益处，评估PPCPs在瓦管水中的持久性，以及确定罗丹明WT是否可用于估算瓦管中PPCPs的质量负荷。所检测的PPCPs包括一种用于个人护理产品的抗菌剂（三氯生）、尼古丁的一种代谢物（可替宁）以及多种药物，包括两种磺胺类抗菌剂（磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲恶唑）、一种β受体阻滞剂（阿替洛尔）、一种抗癫痫药（卡马西平）、一种抗抑郁药（氟西汀）、镇痛/抗炎药（对乙酰氨基酚、萘普生、布洛芬）以及一种血脂调节剂（吉非贝齐）。在加标液态城市生物固体废弃物中观察到的PPCPs最大浓度约为10³ ng g⁻¹干重。结果表明，在土地施肥后数分钟内，PPCPs通过土壤大孔隙迅速移动至瓦管排水。与液态城市生物固体废弃物施用引发的瓦管水流事件相关的瓦管流出物中观察到的PPCPs最大浓度约为10¹至10³ ng L⁻¹。对于施用引发的瓦管水文事件，相对于使用AerWay泥浆沉积系统在地表撒施前立即对土壤进行通气处理，在非耕地上进行地表撒施（施用后20小时进行翻耕）时，PPCPs的质量负荷显著更高（p < 0.1）。在施用后发生的几次降雨引发的瓦管水流事件期间，在瓦管水中检测到高于定量限（LOQ）的PPCP浓度包括：三氯生（最高约1.5×10² ng L⁻¹）、卡马西平（最高约7×10¹ ng L⁻¹）、阿替洛尔（最高约4×10¹ ng L⁻¹）以及可替宁（最高约2×10¹ ng L⁻¹）。尽管这些PPCPs存在于生物固体废弃物中，但在这些事件期间未观察到其他PPCPs浓度高于定量限。在为期40天的研究期间，根据RWT浓度预测PPCP浓度。对于AerWay系统以及地表撒施加翻耕处理，瓦管质量负荷占施用于土壤的PPCP质量的百分比分别为4.2%±标准差9.2%至7.1%±10.9%。
