Tebow Gina, Sherrill Duane L, Lohman I Carla, Stern Debra A, Wright Anne L, Martinez Fernando D, Halonen Marilyn, Guerra Stefano
Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245030, Tucson, AZ 85724-5030, USA.
Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1563-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2795.
Environmental tobacco smoke is associated with several negative health outcomes in children, including an increased susceptibility to infections. One of the postulated mechanisms for these effects is the impairment of the immune system function and/or development. Yet, it remains unknown whether cumulative exposure to parental smoking is associated with altered immune responses in childhood and whether these effects are independent of in utero exposure to maternal smoking. In a population-based birth cohort, we sought to determine the relation of parental smoking, as assessed prospectively since pregnancy, to the child's interferon gamma and interleukin 4 production at 11 years of age.
We used data on 512 children and their parents from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study cohort. Information on maternal and paternal smoking was collected prospectively by questionnaire, and pack-years for mother, father, and both parents combined were assessed prospectively between the prenatal period and year 11. At age 11 years, children's interferon gamma and interleukin 4 production from mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured.
Children of parents who smoked between the prenatal period and year 11 were more likely to be in lower quartiles of interferon gamma production than children of nonsmoking parents. In addition, maternal, paternal, and parental pack-years showed significant inverse dose-response relationships with interferon gamma production in the child. These dose-response relationships with interferon gamma remained significant for both paternal and parental pack-years among children of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, suggesting the existence of specific postnatal effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. In contrast, no significant effects of parental smoking were found on interleukin 4 production.
Interferon gamma responses of school-aged children are impacted by parental smoking.
环境烟草烟雾与儿童的多种负面健康后果相关，包括感染易感性增加。这些影响的一种假定机制是免疫系统功能和/或发育受损。然而，尚不清楚父母吸烟的累积暴露是否与儿童期免疫反应改变有关，以及这些影响是否独立于子宫内暴露于母亲吸烟。在一项基于人群的出生队列研究中，我们试图确定自怀孕起前瞻性评估的父母吸烟与儿童11岁时干扰素γ和白细胞介素4产生之间的关系。
我们使用了图森儿童呼吸研究队列中512名儿童及其父母的数据。通过问卷前瞻性收集母亲和父亲吸烟的信息，并在孕期至11岁期间前瞻性评估母亲、父亲以及父母双方的吸烟包年数。在11岁时，测量儿童有丝分裂原刺激的外周血单核细胞产生的干扰素γ和白细胞介素4。
在孕期至11岁期间父母吸烟的儿童，其干扰素γ产生处于较低四分位数的可能性高于父母不吸烟的儿童。此外，母亲、父亲以及父母双方的吸烟包年数与儿童干扰素γ产生呈显著的剂量-反应反比关系。对于孕期不吸烟母亲的孩子，父亲和父母双方的吸烟包年数与干扰素γ的这些剂量-反应关系仍然显著，表明存在环境烟草烟雾暴露的特定产后影响。相比之下，未发现父母吸烟对白细胞介素4产生有显著影响。
学龄儿童的干扰素γ反应受父母吸烟影响。
